Question 1

Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

A) the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules 
B) the breakdown of an acetyl group to carbon dioxide 
C) the extraction of energy from high-energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 
D) substrate-level phosphorylation 
E) reduction ADP to ATP 
A) the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules 
B) the breakdown of an acetyl group to carbon dioxide 
C) the extraction of energy from high-energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 
D) substrate-level phosphorylation 
E) reduction ADP to ATP

Question 2

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis and fermentation 
B) fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D) citric acid cycle 
E) oxidative phosphorylation 
A) glycolysis and fermentation 
B) fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D) citric acid cycle 
E) oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation)occurs in

Accepted Answer

A) all cells, but only in the presence of oxygen. 
B) only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen. 
C) only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
D) all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
E) all cells, in the absence of respiration. 
A) all cells, but only in the presence of oxygen. 
B) only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen. 
C) only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
D) all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. 
E) all cells, in the absence of respiration.

Question 4

Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane.Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane.What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin?

Accepted Answer

A) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both increase. 
B) ATP synthesis will increase, and heat generation will decrease. 
C) ATP synthesis will decrease, and heat generation will increase. 
D) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both decrease. 
E) ATP synthesis and heat generation will stay the same. 
A) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both increase. 
B) ATP synthesis will increase, and heat generation will decrease. 
C) ATP synthesis will decrease, and heat generation will increase. 
D) ATP synthesis and heat generation will both decrease. 
E) ATP synthesis and heat generation will stay the same.

Question 5

Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate,an early step of glycolysis.In the presence of oxygen,an increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to

Accepted Answer

A) inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
B) activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
C) inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
D) activate the enzyme and increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
E) inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate. 
A) inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
B) activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
C) inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
D) activate the enzyme and increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 
E) inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate.

Question 6

In prokaryotes,the respiratory electron transport chain is located

Accepted Answer

A) in the mitochondrial inner membrane. 
B) in the mitochondrial outer membrane. 
C) in the plasma membrane. 
D) in the cytoplasm. 
E) in the bacterial outer membrane. 
A) in the mitochondrial inner membrane. 
B) in the mitochondrial outer membrane. 
C) in the plasma membrane. 
D) in the cytoplasm. 
E) in the bacterial outer membrane.

Question 7

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O)is present or absent?

Accepted Answer

A) electron transport 
B) glycolysis 
C) the citric acid cycle 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) chemiosmosis 
A) electron transport 
B) glycolysis 
C) the citric acid cycle 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) chemiosmosis

Question 8

What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction?
Pyruvate + NADH + H⁺ → Lactate + NAD⁺

Accepted Answer

A) oxygen 
B) NADH 
C) NAD⁺ 
D) lactate 
E) pyruvate 
A) oxygen 
B) NADH 
C) NAD⁺ 
D) lactate 
E) pyruvate

Question 9

Where does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

Accepted Answer

A) in glycolysis 
B) in the citric acid cycle 
C) in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 
D) during oxidative phosphorylation 
E) in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and during oxidative phosphorylation 
A) in glycolysis 
B) in the citric acid cycle 
C) in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 
D) during oxidative phosphorylation 
E) in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and during oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria,which of the following changes occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) The pH of the matrix increases. 
B) ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. 
C) The electrons gain free energy. 
D) The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. 
E) NAD⁺ is oxidized. 
A) The pH of the matrix increases. 
B) ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. 
C) The electrons gain free energy. 
D) The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. 
E) NAD⁺ is oxidized.

Question 11

Which co-enzyme is the most versatile electron acceptor in the cell?

Accepted Answer

A) Acetyl Co-A 
B) FAD 
C) NAD⁺ 
D) ATP 
E) CytC 
A) Acetyl Co-A 
B) FAD 
C) NAD⁺ 
D) ATP 
E) CytC

Question 12

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes.However,the fragments will reseal "inside out." These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP.If the membranes are agitated further,however,the ability to synthesize ATP is lost.
-These inside-out membrane vesicles

Accepted Answer

A) will become acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added. 
B) will become alkaline inside the vesicles when NADH is added. 
C) will make ATP from ADP and ℗ᵢ if transferred to a pH 4 buffered solution after incubation in a pH 7 buffered solution. 
D) will hydrolyze ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle to the exterior. 
E) will reverse electron flow to generate NADH from NAD⁺ in the absence of oxygen. 
A) will become acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added. 
B) will become alkaline inside the vesicles when NADH is added. 
C) will make ATP from ADP and ℗ᵢ if transferred to a pH 4 buffered solution after incubation in a pH 7 buffered solution. 
D) will hydrolyze ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle to the exterior. 
E) will reverse electron flow to generate NADH from NAD⁺ in the absence of oxygen.

Question 13

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
You have collected samples from mud at the bottom of a nearby pond and have isolated different bacteria and protists from that community.You put the cultures in appropriate media in test tubes with loose-fitting lids and leave for the night,confident that your cultures will be growing well when you return.
-The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the

Accepted Answer

A) oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. 
B) flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. 
C) affinity of oxygen for electrons. 
D) H⁺ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase. 
E) transfer of phosphate to ADP. 
A) oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. 
B) flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. 
C) affinity of oxygen for electrons. 
D) H⁺ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase. 
E) transfer of phosphate to ADP.

Question 14

How many oxygen molecules (O)are required each time a molecule of glucose (C₆H₁₂O)
Is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 3 
C) 6 
D) 12 
E) 30 
A) 1 
B) 3 
C) 6 
D) 12 
E) 30

Question 15

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
  
-The figure above shows the electron transport chain.Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain?

Accepted Answer

A) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water 
B) NAD⁺, FAD, and electrons 
C) NADH, FADH₂, and protons 
D) NADH, FADH₂, and O₂ 
E) oxygen and protons 
A) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water 
B) NAD⁺, FAD, and electrons 
C) NADH, FADH₂, and protons 
D) NADH, FADH₂, and O₂ 
E) oxygen and protons

Question 16

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth?

Accepted Answer

A) Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. 
B) Glycolysis neither uses nor needs O₂. 
C) Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells. 
D) The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle. 
E) Ancient prokaryotic cells, the most primitive of cells, made extensive use of glycolysis long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. 
A) Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. 
B) Glycolysis neither uses nor needs O₂. 
C) Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells. 
D) The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle. 
E) Ancient prokaryotic cells, the most primitive of cells, made extensive use of glycolysis long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere.

Question 17

An electron loses potential energy when it

Accepted Answer

A) shifts to a less electronegative atom. 
B) shifts to a more electronegative atom. 
C) increases its kinetic energy. 
D) increases its activity as an oxidizing agent. 
E) ᵐᵒᵛᵉˢ ᶠᵃʳᵗʰᵉʳ ᵃʷᵃʸ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ᵗʰᵉ ⁿᵘᶜˡᵉᵘˢ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵃᵗᵒᵐ. 
A) shifts to a less electronegative atom. 
B) shifts to a more electronegative atom. 
C) increases its kinetic energy. 
D) increases its activity as an oxidizing agent. 
E) ᵐᵒᵛᵉˢ ᶠᵃʳᵗʰᵉʳ ᵃʷᵃʸ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ᵗʰᵉ ⁿᵘᶜˡᵉᵘˢ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵃᵗᵒᵐ.

Question 18

In a mitochondrion,if the matrix ATP concentration is high,and the intermembrane space proton concentration is too low to generate sufficient proton-motive force,then

Accepted Answer

A) ATP synthase will increase the rate of ATP synthesis. 
B) ATP synthase will stop working. 
C) ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the intermembrane space. 
D) ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the matrix. 
E) ATP synthase will continue to function at a typical rate for that cell type. 
A) ATP synthase will increase the rate of ATP synthesis. 
B) ATP synthase will stop working. 
C) ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the intermembrane space. 
D) ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the matrix. 
E) ATP synthase will continue to function at a typical rate for that cell type.

Question 19

If you were to add one of the eight citric acid cycle intermediates to the culture medium of yeast growing in the laboratory,what do you think would happen to the rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production?

Accepted Answer

A) There would be no change in ATP production, but we would observe an increased rate of carbon dioxide production. 
B) The rates of ATP production and carbon dioxide production would both increase. 
C) The rate of ATP production would decrease, but the rate of carbon dioxide production would increase. 
D) Rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production would probably both decrease. 
E) There would be not change to either ATP or carbon dioxide production. 
A) There would be no change in ATP production, but we would observe an increased rate of carbon dioxide production. 
B) The rates of ATP production and carbon dioxide production would both increase. 
C) The rate of ATP production would decrease, but the rate of carbon dioxide production would increase. 
D) Rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production would probably both decrease. 
E) There would be not change to either ATP or carbon dioxide production.

Question 20

Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO₂ and water release free energy?

Accepted Answer

A) The covalent bonds in organic molecules and molecular oxygen have more kinetic energy than the covalent bonds in water and carbon dioxide. 
B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as 
C) To atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O). 
C) The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. 
D) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO₂ than they do in organic compounds. 
E) The covalent bond in O₂ is unstable and easily broken by electrons from organic molecules. 
A) The covalent bonds in organic molecules and molecular oxygen have more kinetic energy than the covalent bonds in water and carbon dioxide. 
B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as 
C) To atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O). 
C) The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. 
D) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO₂ than they do in organic compounds. 
E) The covalent bond in O₂ is unstable and easily broken by electrons from organic molecules.

Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain?

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation)occurs in

Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane.Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane.What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin?

Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate,an early step of glycolysis.In the presence of oxygen,an increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to

In prokaryotes,the respiratory electron transport chain is located

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O)is present or absent?

What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H⁺ → Lactate + NAD⁺

Where does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria,which of the following changes occurs?

Which co-enzyme is the most versatile electron acceptor in the cell?

How many oxygen molecules (O)are required each time a molecule of glucose (C₆H₁₂O) Is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via aerobic respiration?

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. -The figure above shows the electron transport chain.Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain?

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth?

An electron loses potential energy when it

In a mitochondrion,if the matrix ATP concentration is high,and the intermembrane space proton concentration is too low to generate sufficient proton-motive force,then

If you were to add one of the eight citric acid cycle intermediates to the culture medium of yeast growing in the laboratory,what do you think would happen to the rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production?

Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO₂ and water release free energy?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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