Question 1

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) the electron transport chain 
B) substrate-level phosphorylation 
C) chemiosmosis 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) aerobic respiration 
A) the electron transport chain 
B) substrate-level phosphorylation 
C) chemiosmosis 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) aerobic respiration

Question 2

What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?

Accepted Answer

A) oxidation of glucose 
B) oxidation of pyruvate 
C) feedback regulation 
D) control of ATP accumulation 
E) breakdown of fatty acids 
A) oxidation of glucose 
B) oxidation of pyruvate 
C) feedback regulation 
D) control of ATP accumulation 
E) breakdown of fatty acids

Question 3

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
In the presence of oxygen,the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle.First,however,the pyruvate (1)loses a carbon,which is given off as a molecule of CO₂,(2)is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate,and (3)is bonded to coenzyme A.
-Why is coenzyme A,a sulphur-containing molecule derived from a B vitamin added to acetate?

Accepted Answer

A) because sulphur is needed for the molecule to enter the mitochondrion 
B) in order to utilize this portion of a B vitamin that would otherwise be a waste product from another pathway 
C) to provide a relatively unstable molecule whose acetyl portion can be readily transferred to a compound in the citric acid cycle 
D) because it drives the reaction that regenerates NAD⁺ 
E) in order to remove one molecule of CO₂ 
A) because sulphur is needed for the molecule to enter the mitochondrion 
B) in order to utilize this portion of a B vitamin that would otherwise be a waste product from another pathway 
C) to provide a relatively unstable molecule whose acetyl portion can be readily transferred to a compound in the citric acid cycle 
D) because it drives the reaction that regenerates NAD⁺ 
E) in order to remove one molecule of CO₂

Question 4

During cellular respiration,acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

Accepted Answer

A) cytosol 
B) mitochondrial outer membrane 
C) mitochondrial inner membrane 
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E) mitochondrial matrix 
A) cytosol 
B) mitochondrial outer membrane 
C) mitochondrial inner membrane 
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E) mitochondrial matrix

Question 5

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high-energy foods?

Accepted Answer

A) They have a lot of oxygen atoms. 
B) They have no nitrogen in their makeup. 
C) They can have very long carbon skeletons. 
D) They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. 
E) They are easily reduced. 
A) They have a lot of oxygen atoms. 
B) They have no nitrogen in their makeup. 
C) They can have very long carbon skeletons. 
D) They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. 
E) They are easily reduced.

Question 6

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
   
The citric acid cycle.
-For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (see Figure 9.2),what is the total number of NADH + FADH₂ molecules produced?

Accepted Answer

A) 4 
B) 5 
C) 6 
D) 10 
E) 12 
A) 4 
B) 5 
C) 6 
D) 10 
E) 12

Question 7

The figure below illustrates some of the steps (reactions)of glycolysis in their proper sequence.Each step is lettered.Use these letters to answer the questions.
  
-Which portion of the pathway in the figure above involves an endergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the proton-motive force?

Accepted Answer

A) a higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane space compared to the mitochondrial matrix 
B) a higher concentration of protons in the mitochondrial matrix compared to the intermembrane space 
C) a higher concentration of protons in the cytosol compared to the mitochondrial matrix 
D) a higher concentration of hydrogen atoms in the intermembrane space compared to the mitochondrial matrix 
E) a lower pH inside the mitochondrial matrix compare to the cytosol 
A) a higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane space compared to the mitochondrial matrix 
B) a higher concentration of protons in the mitochondrial matrix compared to the intermembrane space 
C) a higher concentration of protons in the cytosol compared to the mitochondrial matrix 
D) a higher concentration of hydrogen atoms in the intermembrane space compared to the mitochondrial matrix 
E) a lower pH inside the mitochondrial matrix compare to the cytosol

Question 9

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction,the molecule becomes

Accepted Answer

A) hydrolyzed. 
B) hydrogenated. 
C) oxidized. 
D) reduced. 
E) an oxidizing agent. 
A) hydrolyzed. 
B) hydrogenated. 
C) oxidized. 
D) reduced. 
E) an oxidizing agent.

Question 10

Why is the chemiosmotic hypothesis an important concept in our understanding of cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A) It explains how ATP is synthesized by a proton motive force. 
B) It explains how electron transport can fuel substrate-level phosphorylation. 
C) It explains the sequence of the electron transport chain molecules. 
D) It explains the reduction of oxygen to water in the final steps of oxidative metabolism. 
E) It explains how cells can produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. 
A) It explains how ATP is synthesized by a proton motive force. 
B) It explains how electron transport can fuel substrate-level phosphorylation. 
C) It explains the sequence of the electron transport chain molecules. 
D) It explains the reduction of oxygen to water in the final steps of oxidative metabolism. 
E) It explains how cells can produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.

Question 11

What is the function of heme groups found in the cytochromes in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

A) accept and donate protons 
B) accept and donate electrons 
C) bind oxygen 
D) bind ADP 
E) bind hydrogen atoms 
A) accept and donate protons 
B) accept and donate electrons 
C) bind oxygen 
D) bind ADP 
E) bind hydrogen atoms

Question 12

During aerobic respiration,electrons travel downhill in which sequence?

Accepted Answer

A) food → citric acid cycle → ATP → NAD⁺ 
B) food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen 
C) glucose → pyruvate → ATP → oxygen 
D) glucose → ATP → electron transport chain → NADH 
E) food → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → NADH → ATP 
A) food → citric acid cycle → ATP → NAD⁺ 
B) food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen 
C) glucose → pyruvate → ATP → oxygen 
D) glucose → ATP → electron transport chain → NADH 
E) food → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → NADH → ATP

Question 13

The main purpose for the fermentation pathway is to ________ when oxygen is absent.

Accepted Answer

A) maintain a pool of oxidized NAD⁺ 
B) maintain a pool of reduced NADH 
C) generate ATP 
D) provide an alternative fuel to glucose, in the form of alcohol, 
E) drive the citric acid cycle 
A) maintain a pool of oxidized NAD⁺ 
B) maintain a pool of reduced NADH 
C) generate ATP 
D) provide an alternative fuel to glucose, in the form of alcohol, 
E) drive the citric acid cycle

Question 14

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is

Accepted Answer

A) oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water. 
B) the thermodynamically favourable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. 
C) the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. 
D) the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 
E) the thermodynamically favourable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. 
A) oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water. 
B) the thermodynamically favourable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. 
C) the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. 
D) the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 
E) the thermodynamically favourable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP.

Question 15

In alcohol fermentation,NAD⁺ is regenerated from NADH by

Accepted Answer

A) reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol). 
B) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. 
C) reduction of pyruvate to form lactate. 
D) oxidation of ethanol to acetyl CoA. 
E) reduction of ethanol to pyruvate. 
A) reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol). 
B) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. 
C) reduction of pyruvate to form lactate. 
D) oxidation of ethanol to acetyl CoA. 
E) reduction of ethanol to pyruvate.

Question 16

In the absence of oxygen,yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation,resulting in the production of

Accepted Answer

A) ATP, CO₂, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). 
B) ATP, CO₂, and lactate. 
C) ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. 
D) ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen. 
E) ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA. 
A) ATP, CO₂, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). 
B) ATP, CO₂, and lactate. 
C) ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. 
D) ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen. 
E) ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA.

Question 17

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
   
The citric acid cycle.
-For each mole of glucose (C₆H₁₂O)oxidized by cellular respiration,how many moles of CO₂ are released in the citric acid cycle (see the figure above)?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 4 
C) 6 
D) 12 
E) 3 
A) 2 
B) 4 
C) 6 
D) 12 
E) 3

Question 18

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation,using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient,is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) active transport. 
B) an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction. 
C) a reaction with a positive ΔG. 
D) osmosis. 
E) allosteric regulation. 
A) active transport. 
B) an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction. 
C) a reaction with a positive ΔG. 
D) osmosis. 
E) allosteric regulation.

Question 19

Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) pyruvate 
B) malate or fumarate 
C) acetyl CoA 
D) α-ketoglutarate 
E) succinyl CoA 
A) pyruvate 
B) malate or fumarate 
C) acetyl CoA 
D) α-ketoglutarate 
E) succinyl CoA

Question 20

During aerobic respiration,which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

Accepted Answer

A) NAD⁺ 
B) NADH 
C) ATP 
D) ADP +℗ ᵢ 
E) FADH₂ 
A) NAD⁺ 
B) NADH 
C) ATP 
D) ADP +℗ ᵢ 
E) FADH₂

Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?

During cellular respiration,acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high-energy foods?

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. The citric acid cycle. -For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (see Figure 9.2),what is the total number of NADH + FADH₂ molecules produced?

The figure below illustrates some of the steps (reactions)of glycolysis in their proper sequence.Each step is lettered.Use these letters to answer the questions. -Which portion of the pathway in the figure above involves an endergonic reaction?

Which of the following best describes the proton-motive force?

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction,the molecule becomes

Why is the chemiosmotic hypothesis an important concept in our understanding of cellular metabolism?

What is the function of heme groups found in the cytochromes in the electron transport chain?

During aerobic respiration,electrons travel downhill in which sequence?

The main purpose for the fermentation pathway is to ________ when oxygen is absent.

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is

In alcohol fermentation,NAD⁺ is regenerated from NADH by

In the absence of oxygen,yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation,resulting in the production of

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. The citric acid cycle. -For each mole of glucose (C₆H₁₂O)oxidized by cellular respiration,how many moles of CO₂ are released in the citric acid cycle (see the figure above)?

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation,using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient,is an example of

Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?

During aerobic respiration,which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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