Question 1

Macrophages and neutrophils make up a _______ response to invaders.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Macrophages and neutrophils make up a _______...

Question 2

Examine the figure below.  
Why is only one of the lymphocytes in this diagram activated by the pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antigens move through the immune system by diffusion, so the lymphocyte closest to the site of infection binds the antigen first. Once a lymphocyte is activated, it produces chemicals that prevent the activation of other lymphocytes. 
B)  Lymphocytes are only activated if all of their receptors are bound by antigens. In this case, there were only enough antigens to fully activate one cell. 
C)  Your immune system contains many different lymphocytes, each displaying a different antigen-binding protein. In this case, the antigen only matched the binding protein on the cell that was activated. 
D)  Lymphocytes can only be activated by chemicals produced by the innate immune system. Only one of the cells in this diagram has been exposed to these chemicals. 
A)  Antigens move through the immune system by diffusion, so the lymphocyte closest to the site of infection binds the antigen first. Once a lymphocyte is activated, it produces chemicals that prevent the activation of other lymphocytes. 
B)  Lymphocytes are only activated if all of their receptors are bound by antigens. In this case, there were only enough antigens to fully activate one cell. 
C)  Your immune system contains many different lymphocytes, each displaying a different antigen-binding protein. In this case, the antigen only matched the binding protein on the cell that was activated. 
D)  Lymphocytes can only be activated by chemicals produced by the innate immune system. Only one of the cells in this diagram has been exposed to these chemicals.

Question 3

During the inflammatory response, swelling occurs as a result of the leaking of ___________ out of the blood vessels.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the inflammatory response, swelling occurs as...

Question 4

The human immune system has a more effective response to an invader during a second exposure than during the first exposure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

_______ on the surface of disease organisms help the vertebrate immune system recognize the specific invader.

Accepted Answer

A)  Platelets 
B)  Antigens 
C)  Lymphocytes 
D)  Antibodies 
A)  Platelets 
B)  Antigens 
C)  Lymphocytes 
D)  Antibodies

Question 6

Different genetic versions of a particular pathogen are known as different

Accepted Answer

A)  species. 
B)  strains. 
C)  antibodies. 
D)  disease hosts. 
A)  species. 
B)  strains. 
C)  antibodies. 
D)  disease hosts.

Question 7

During a major infection, you get a high fever because

Accepted Answer

A)  the bacteria in your body produce chemicals that cause the brain to raise your temperature to make the environment more appropriate to bacterial growth. 
B)  your immune system signals the brain to raise body temperature to limit bacterial growth and speed up phagocytosis. 
C)  pathogens damage tissues throughout your body, causing an extreme inflammatory response. 
D)  your low energy levels prevent the brain from maintaining the negative feedback loop that controls body temperature. 
A)  the bacteria in your body produce chemicals that cause the brain to raise your temperature to make the environment more appropriate to bacterial growth. 
B)  your immune system signals the brain to raise body temperature to limit bacterial growth and speed up phagocytosis. 
C)  pathogens damage tissues throughout your body, causing an extreme inflammatory response. 
D)  your low energy levels prevent the brain from maintaining the negative feedback loop that controls body temperature.

Question 8

What prevents pathogens from entering our bodies through the delicate tissues of the lungs?

Accepted Answer

A)  the lining of the lungs has a low pH that creates an inhospitable environment for most pathogens. 
B)  the tubes entering the lungs are lined with mucus that traps pathogens and is then removed from the respiratory system. 
C)  the cells of the lungs are covered by several layers of dead cells that prevent pathogens from getting to living lung tissue. 
D)  certain cells in the lungs produce toxins that paralyze pathogens before they can infect the body. 
A)  the lining of the lungs has a low pH that creates an inhospitable environment for most pathogens. 
B)  the tubes entering the lungs are lined with mucus that traps pathogens and is then removed from the respiratory system. 
C)  the cells of the lungs are covered by several layers of dead cells that prevent pathogens from getting to living lung tissue. 
D)  certain cells in the lungs produce toxins that paralyze pathogens before they can infect the body.

Question 9

Interferons summon _____________ cells that destroy any self cells that display viral proteins.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Interferons summon _____________ cells that destroy any...

Question 10

Killer T cells

Accepted Answer

A)  directly kill viruses. 
B)  kill cells that are infected by viruses. 
C)  cause B cells to proliferate when they are bound to their antigen. 
D)  bind to B cells and then to infected cells. 
A)  directly kill viruses. 
B)  kill cells that are infected by viruses. 
C)  cause B cells to proliferate when they are bound to their antigen. 
D)  bind to B cells and then to infected cells.

Question 11

The immune system can distinguish a self cell from a non-self cell based on the mixture of ________ and ________ on the plasma membrane.

Accepted Answer

carbohydra

Question 12

Helper T cells

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulate the proliferation of killer T cells when bound to their specific antigen. 
B)  stimulate the proliferation of B cells when bound to their specific antigen. 
C)  proliferate rapidly when bound to their specific antigen. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  stimulate the proliferation of killer T cells when bound to their specific antigen. 
B)  stimulate the proliferation of B cells when bound to their specific antigen. 
C)  proliferate rapidly when bound to their specific antigen. 
D)  all of the above

Question 13

White blood cells called macrophages destroy invading pathogens by phagocytosis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following statements about vaccinations given to humans is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The vaccination acts as the first exposure to a virus, allowing the much more effective second exposure response to occur when the virus actually infects the body. 
B)  A vaccination primes the body so that it will no longer respond to an invasion by a virus. 
C)  There is a chance of a person's getting the disease from a vaccination, since vaccination involves the injection of the entire living disease organism. 
D)  Vaccinations prime the virus so that the virus will not kill as many body cells as it would in an unvaccinated person. 
A)  The vaccination acts as the first exposure to a virus, allowing the much more effective second exposure response to occur when the virus actually infects the body. 
B)  A vaccination primes the body so that it will no longer respond to an invasion by a virus. 
C)  There is a chance of a person's getting the disease from a vaccination, since vaccination involves the injection of the entire living disease organism. 
D)  Vaccinations prime the virus so that the virus will not kill as many body cells as it would in an unvaccinated person.

Question 15

Neutrophils usually get to a wound site __________ [before or after?] macrophages begin phagocytizing bacteria.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Neutrophils usually get to a wound site...

Question 16

Histamine

Accepted Answer

A)  makes capillaries near a wound more porous. 
B)  is converted to prostaglandin near a wound. 
C)  closes down arterioles near a wound. 
D)  is an antibody. 
A)  makes capillaries near a wound more porous. 
B)  is converted to prostaglandin near a wound. 
C)  closes down arterioles near a wound. 
D)  is an antibody.

Question 17

Our first exposure to a particular antigen brings on a _______ immune response.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Our first exposure to a particular antigen...

Question 18

An autoimmune disease would occur if

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells fail to recognize B cells. 
B)  helper T cells fail to bind to infected cells. 
C)  B cells and T cells fail to recognize "home team" cells. 
D)  antibodies from a virus are reactivated in "home team" cells. 
A)  B cells fail to recognize B cells. 
B)  helper T cells fail to bind to infected cells. 
C)  B cells and T cells fail to recognize "home team" cells. 
D)  antibodies from a virus are reactivated in "home team" cells.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about fighting invasions of disease-causing agents in humans is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The organism must be able to distinguish between itself and foreign invaders. 
B)  Antibodies are produced. 
C)  Antibodies result in the production of antigens. 
D)  Cells engulf some of the invaders. 
A)  The organism must be able to distinguish between itself and foreign invaders. 
B)  Antibodies are produced. 
C)  Antibodies result in the production of antigens. 
D)  Cells engulf some of the invaders.

Question 20

Each T cell and each B cell binds only to one specific type of

Accepted Answer

A)  antibody. 
B)  neutrophil. 
C)  antigen. 
D)  prostaglandin. 
A)  antibody. 
B)  neutrophil. 
C)  antigen. 
D)  prostaglandin.

Exam 28: Defenses against Disease

Macrophages and neutrophils make up a _______ response to invaders.

Examine the figure below. Why is only one of the lymphocytes in this diagram activated by the pathogen?

During the inflammatory response, swelling occurs as a result of the leaking of ___________ out of the blood vessels.

The human immune system has a more effective response to an invader during a second exposure than during the first exposure.

_______ on the surface of disease organisms help the vertebrate immune system recognize the specific invader.

Different genetic versions of a particular pathogen are known as different

During a major infection, you get a high fever because

What prevents pathogens from entering our bodies through the delicate tissues of the lungs?

Interferons summon _____________ cells that destroy any self cells that display viral proteins.

Killer T cells

The immune system can distinguish a self cell from a non-self cell based on the mixture of ________ and ________ on the plasma membrane.

Helper T cells

White blood cells called macrophages destroy invading pathogens by phagocytosis.

Which of the following statements about vaccinations given to humans is true?

Neutrophils usually get to a wound site __________ [before or after?] macrophages begin phagocytizing bacteria.

Histamine

Our first exposure to a particular antigen brings on a _______ immune response.

An autoimmune disease would occur if

Which of the following statements about fighting invasions of disease-causing agents in humans is false?

Each T cell and each B cell binds only to one specific type of

The Nature of Science and the Characteristics of Life

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The immune system can distinguish a self cell from a non-self cell based on the mixture of and on the plasma membrane.