Question 1

Which group's members had (have)both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

Accepted Answer

A) sharks, skates, and rays 
B) lungfishes 
C) lancelets 
D) amphibians 
E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs 
A) sharks, skates, and rays 
B) lungfishes 
C) lancelets 
D) amphibians 
E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs

Question 2

All of the following belong to the lobe-fin clade, except

Accepted Answer

A) chondrichthyans. 
B) Australian lungfishes. 
C) African lungfishes. 
D) coelacanths. 
E) tetrapods. 
A) chondrichthyans. 
B) Australian lungfishes. 
C) African lungfishes. 
D) coelacanths. 
E) tetrapods.

Question 3

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials

Accepted Answer

A) lack nipples. 
B) have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus. 
C) lay eggs. 
D) are found in Australia and Africa. 
E) include only insectivores and herbivores. 
A) lack nipples. 
B) have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus. 
C) lay eggs. 
D) are found in Australia and Africa. 
E) include only insectivores and herbivores.

Question 4

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as

Accepted Answer

A) the digestive system's opening. 
B) suspension-feeding devices. 
C) components of the jaw. 
D) gill slits for respiration. 
E) portions of the inner ear. 
A) the digestive system's opening. 
B) suspension-feeding devices. 
C) components of the jaw. 
D) gill slits for respiration. 
E) portions of the inner ear.

Question 5

The following questions refer to the description below.
While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow).
-Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

Accepted Answer

A) lizards 
B) crocodiles 
C) snakes 
D) birds 
E) mammals 
A) lizards 
B) crocodiles 
C) snakes 
D) birds 
E) mammals

Question 6

For the following items, match the extant vertebrate groups with the descriptions.
-Three major groups: egg-laying, pouched, and placental

Accepted Answer

A) amphibians 
B) nonbird reptiles 
C) chondrichthyans 
D) mammals 
E) birds 
A) amphibians 
B) nonbird reptiles 
C) chondrichthyans 
D) mammals 
E) birds

Question 7

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?

Accepted Answer

A) lancelets 
B) adult tunicates 
C) amphibians 
D) reptiles 
E) chondrichthyans 
A) lancelets 
B) adult tunicates 
C) amphibians 
D) reptiles 
E) chondrichthyans

Question 8

The following questions refer to the description below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that, attached to its flank, there is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
-Terry detaches the snakelike organism from the fish and uses a knife to cut off its head. In doing so, its brain slides out onto the deck of the boat. Terry peers into the cut end of the head and notices that the brain had lain in a sort of pan-like structure that only partially surrounded the brain. What is the structure Terry is observing, and what is it made of?

Accepted Answer

A) skull, bone 
B) cranium, bone 
C) cranium, cartilage 
D) vertebral column, bone 
E) vertebral column, cartilage 
A) skull, bone 
B) cranium, bone 
C) cranium, cartilage 
D) vertebral column, bone 
E) vertebral column, cartilage

Question 9

The most primitive hominin discovered to date

Accepted Answer

A) may have hunted dinosaurs. 
B) lived 1.2 million years ago. 
C) closely resembled a chimpanzee. 
D) walked on two legs. 
E) had a relatively large brain. 
A) may have hunted dinosaurs. 
B) lived 1.2 million years ago. 
C) closely resembled a chimpanzee. 
D) walked on two legs. 
E) had a relatively large brain.

Question 10

Which of these species is currently thought to be the direct ancestor of H. neanderthalensis?

Accepted Answer

A) H. heidelbergensis 
B) H. erectus 
C) H. ergaster 
D) H. habilis 
E) H. sapiens 
A) H. heidelbergensis 
B) H. erectus 
C) H. ergaster 
D) H. habilis 
E) H. sapiens

Question 11

Which of these species was the first to craft stone tools?

Accepted Answer

A) H. heidelbergensis 
B) H. erectus 
C) H. ergaster 
D) H. habilis 
E) H. sapiens 
A) H. heidelbergensis 
B) H. erectus 
C) H. ergaster 
D) H. habilis 
E) H. sapiens

Question 12

Which is the most inclusive (most general)group, all of whose members have fingernails instead of claws?

Accepted Answer

A) hominoids 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates 
A) hominoids 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates

Question 13

The following questions refer to the description below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that, attached to its flank, there is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
-Having caught and handled a hagfish, what will Terry's shipmates most likely require Terry to do before returning to further fishing?

Accepted Answer

A) Spend some time below deck; only someone who'd spent too much time in the sun would remove hagfish denticles for later "analysis." 
B) Clean the bucketsful of hagfish slime from the deck of the boat. 
C) Dispose of the fishing tackle that had been poisoned by coming into contact with the hagfish. 
D) Cut up the remaining hagfish and share pieces of this highly sought-after baitfish. 
A) Spend some time below deck; only someone who'd spent too much time in the sun would remove hagfish denticles for later "analysis." 
B) Clean the bucketsful of hagfish slime from the deck of the boat. 
C) Dispose of the fishing tackle that had been poisoned by coming into contact with the hagfish. 
D) Cut up the remaining hagfish and share pieces of this highly sought-after baitfish.

Question 14

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.1.

-Which of these is a trend in hominin evolution?

Accepted Answer

A) increased ability to switch back and forth between bipedalism and quadrupedalism 
B) well-developed claws for clinging to trees 
C) a shoulder joint increasingly adapted to brachiation 
D) increased brain to body ratio 
E) a shortened period of parental care of offspring 
A) increased ability to switch back and forth between bipedalism and quadrupedalism 
B) well-developed claws for clinging to trees 
C) a shoulder joint increasingly adapted to brachiation 
D) increased brain to body ratio 
E) a shortened period of parental care of offspring

Question 15

The following questions refer to the description below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that, attached to its flank, there is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
-The snakelike organism turned out to be a hagfish. Consequently, why should Terry throw the fish he caught overboard, rather than having it for dinner?

Accepted Answer

A) It has mucus on its skin. 
B) If it had an ectoparasite, then it must also have endoparasites. 
C) The bite of the hagfish introduces paralytic neurotoxins, which Terry wants to avoid. 
D) It was already sick or dying; otherwise, the hagfish would probably not have attacked it. 
A) It has mucus on its skin. 
B) If it had an ectoparasite, then it must also have endoparasites. 
C) The bite of the hagfish introduces paralytic neurotoxins, which Terry wants to avoid. 
D) It was already sick or dying; otherwise, the hagfish would probably not have attacked it.

Question 16

Humans and apes are presently classified in the same category as all of the following levels except

Accepted Answer

A) class. 
B) genus. 
C) kingdom. 
D) order. 
E) phylum. 
A) class. 
B) genus. 
C) kingdom. 
D) order. 
E) phylum.

Question 17

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.1.

-The organisms represented by 8 most likely are

Accepted Answer

A) birds. 
B) mammals. 
C) nonbird, terrestrial reptiles. 
D) aquatic reptiles. 
E) all mammals except humans. 
A) birds. 
B) mammals. 
C) nonbird, terrestrial reptiles. 
D) aquatic reptiles. 
E) all mammals except humans.

Question 18

The following questions refer to the description below.
While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow).
-From which of the following groups are snakes most likely descended?

Accepted Answer

A) dinosaurs 
B) plesiosaurs 
C) lizards 
D) crocodiles 
E) synapsids 
A) dinosaurs 
B) plesiosaurs 
C) lizards 
D) crocodiles 
E) synapsids

Question 19

The following questions refer to the description below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that, attached to its flank, there is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
-The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

Accepted Answer

A) reproduction 
B) feeding 
C) locomotion 
D) defense 
E) respiration 
A) reproduction 
B) feeding 
C) locomotion 
D) defense 
E) respiration

Question 20

The following questions refer to the description below.
While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-m-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow).
-Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the

Accepted Answer

A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. 
B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. 
C) claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. 
D) idea that the first birds were ratites. 
E) hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic. 
A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. 
B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. 
C) claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. 
D) idea that the first birds were ratites. 
E) hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.

Exam 34: Vertebrates

Which group's members had (have)both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

All of the following belong to the lobe-fin clade, except

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as

For the following items, match the extant vertebrate groups with the descriptions. -Three major groups: egg-laying, pouched, and placental

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?

The most primitive hominin discovered to date

Which of these species is currently thought to be the direct ancestor of H. neanderthalensis?

Which of these species was the first to craft stone tools?

Which is the most inclusive (most general)group, all of whose members have fingernails instead of claws?

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.1. -Which of these is a trend in hominin evolution?

Humans and apes are presently classified in the same category as all of the following levels except

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.1. -The organisms represented by 8 most likely are

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

Filters