Exam 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential in Figure 48.1 and use the letters to indicate your answer. Figure 48.1 -The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label

Assume that excessive consumption of ethanol increases the influx of negative chloride ions into "common sense" neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act appropriately and not harm yourself or others. Thus, any resulting poor decisions associated with ethanol ingestion are likely due to

For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential in Figure 48.1 and use the letters to indicate your answer. Figure 48.1 -The cell is not hyperpolarized, but repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened, at label

An amino acid that operates at inhibitory synapses in the brain

A simple nervous system

A neuropeptide that might function as a natural analgesic is

The botulinum toxin reduces the synaptic release of

A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to

A nervous system can alter activities in its target cells in muscles and glands because

The major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the human brain is

In the sequence of permeability changes for a complete action potential, the first of these events that occurs is

Though the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal membrane is

Neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap is accomplished by

In certain large animals, this type of neuron can extend beyond one meter in length

Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by

For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential in Figure 48.1 and use the letters to indicate your answer. Figure 48.1 -The neuronal membrane is at its resting potential at label

A common feature of action potentials is that they

Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)occurs in a membrane made more permeable to

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in