Question 1

Which of the following is/are a cause(s)of vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

A) lying down after standing 
B) standing after lying down 
C) stress or hormone concentration 
D) increased blood pressure 
E) histamine secretion 
A) lying down after standing 
B) standing after lying down 
C) stress or hormone concentration 
D) increased blood pressure 
E) histamine secretion C

Question 2

Which of the following is used to diagnose hypertension in adults?

Accepted Answer

A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries 
B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood 
C) percent of blood volume made up of platelets 
D) blood pressure of >140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic 
E) number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood 
A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries 
B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood 
C) percent of blood volume made up of platelets 
D) blood pressure of >140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic 
E) number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood D

Question 3

Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

A) The capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B) Capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C) The diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D) The systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E) The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface area of the arterioles. 
A) The capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B) Capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C) The diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D) The systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E) The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface area of the arterioles. E

Question 4

The following questions refer to the data shown below.
Blood entering a capillary bed of a vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors.
 $$\begin{array} { l c c } 
& \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Arterial End of } \
\text { Capillary Bed }
\end{array} & \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Venous End of } \
\text { Capillary Bed }
\end{array} \
\hline \text { Hydrostatic pressure } & 10 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 14 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\text { Osmotic pressure } & 26 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 26 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\mathrm { PO } _ { 2 } & 100 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 42 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\mathrm { PCO } _ { 2 } & 40 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 46 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg }
\end{array}$$ 
Figure 42.1
-Emphysema is a disease, frequently caused by smoking, that results in loss of the elastic elements of lung tissue. The effect will be more like which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in airway resistance 
B) a decrease in airway resistance 
C) bronchiolar constriction as in asthma 
D) pulmonary edema in which the alveoli amass fluid 
E) cystic fibrosis in which mucus builds up in the lungs 
A) an increase in airway resistance 
B) a decrease in airway resistance 
C) bronchiolar constriction as in asthma 
D) pulmonary edema in which the alveoli amass fluid 
E) cystic fibrosis in which mucus builds up in the lungs

Question 5

In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from

Accepted Answer

A) forcing air from the throat down into the lungs. 
B) contracting the diaphragm. 
C) relaxing the muscles of the rib cage. 
D) using muscles of the lungs to expand the alveoli. 
E) contracting the abdominal muscles. 
A) forcing air from the throat down into the lungs. 
B) contracting the diaphragm. 
C) relaxing the muscles of the rib cage. 
D) using muscles of the lungs to expand the alveoli. 
E) contracting the abdominal muscles.

Question 6

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, what is the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude?

Accepted Answer

A) 0 mm Hg 
B) 80 mm Hg 
C) 160 mm Hg 
D) 380 mm Hg 
E) 760 mm Hg 
A) 0 mm Hg 
B) 80 mm Hg 
C) 160 mm Hg 
D) 380 mm Hg 
E) 760 mm Hg

Question 7

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure. This most probably relates to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air 
B) the overproduction of surfactants 
C) the incomplete development of the lung surface 
D) inadequate production of surfactant 
E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation 
A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air 
B) the overproduction of surfactants 
C) the incomplete development of the lung surface 
D) inadequate production of surfactant 
E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation

Question 8

The following questions refer to the data shown below.
Blood entering a capillary bed of a vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors.
 $$\begin{array} { l c c } 
& \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Arterial End of } \
\text { Capillary Bed }
\end{array} & \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Venous End of } \
\text { Capillary Bed }
\end{array} \
\hline \text { Hydrostatic pressure } & 10 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 14 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\text { Osmotic pressure } & 26 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 26 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\mathrm { PO } _ { 2 } & 100 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 42 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\mathrm { PCO } _ { 2 } & 40 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 46 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg }
\end{array}$$ 
Figure 42.1
-How does the hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals?

Accepted Answer

A) The oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B) Hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. 
C) Hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D) The protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E) Hemocyanin includes cyanic acid. 
A) The oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B) Hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. 
C) Hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D) The protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E) Hemocyanin includes cyanic acid.

Question 9

A blood vessel has the following characteristics: outer layer of connective tissue, a thick layer of smooth muscle with elastic fibers, no valves. It is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) a vein 
B) a venule 
C) an artery 
D) a capillary 
E) a portal vessel 
A) a vein 
B) a venule 
C) an artery 
D) a capillary 
E) a portal vessel

Question 10

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg, what is the contribution of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

A) 100 mm Hg 
B) 127 mm Hg 
C) 151 mm Hg 
D) 182 mm Hg 
E) 219 mm Hg 
A) 100 mm Hg 
B) 127 mm Hg 
C) 151 mm Hg 
D) 182 mm Hg 
E) 219 mm Hg

Question 11

Which of these stimulate the production of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

A) low-density lipoproteins 
B) immunoglobulins 
C) erythropoietin 
D) epinephrine 
E) platelets 
A) low-density lipoproteins 
B) immunoglobulins 
C) erythropoietin 
D) epinephrine 
E) platelets

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of plasma proteins in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) maintenance of blood osmotic pressure 
B) transport of water-soluble lipids 
C) gas exchange 
D) aerobic metabolism 
E) oxygen transport 
A) maintenance of blood osmotic pressure 
B) transport of water-soluble lipids 
C) gas exchange 
D) aerobic metabolism 
E) oxygen transport

Question 13

A species has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg. What is the most probable hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) The animal is small and does not need the blood pumped far. 
B) The animal is obese. 
C) The species has very wide diameter veins. 
D) The animal has a very long distance between heart and brain. 
E) The species is characterized by frequent, quick motions. 
A) The animal is small and does not need the blood pumped far. 
B) The animal is obese. 
C) The species has very wide diameter veins. 
D) The animal has a very long distance between heart and brain. 
E) The species is characterized by frequent, quick motions.

Question 14

Tidal volume in respiration is analogous to what measurement in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

A) cardiac output 
B) heart rate 
C) stroke volume 
D) systolic pressure 
E) diastolic pressure 
A) cardiac output 
B) heart rate 
C) stroke volume 
D) systolic pressure 
E) diastolic pressure

Question 15

The following questions refer to the data shown below.
Blood entering a capillary bed of a vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors.
 $$\begin{array} { l c c } 
& \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Arterial End of } \
\text { Capillary Bed }
\end{array} & \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Venous End of } \
\text { Capillary Bed }
\end{array} \
\hline \text { Hydrostatic pressure } & 10 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 14 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\text { Osmotic pressure } & 26 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 26 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\mathrm { PO } _ { 2 } & 100 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 42 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\mathrm { PCO } _ { 2 } & 40 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 46 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg }
\end{array}$$ 
Figure 42.1
-In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, which of the following would you expect?

Accepted Answer

A) a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated 
B) an increase of storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles 
C) a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption 
D) a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli 
E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size 
A) a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated 
B) an increase of storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles 
C) a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption 
D) a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli 
E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size

Question 16

What would be the long-term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were to become blocked?

Accepted Answer

A) More fluid would enter the venous capillaries. 
B) Blood pressure in the capillary bed would increase. 
C) Fluid would accumulate in interstitial areas. 
D) Fewer proteins would leak into the interstitial fluid from the blood. 
E) Nothing would happen. 
A) More fluid would enter the venous capillaries. 
B) Blood pressure in the capillary bed would increase. 
C) Fluid would accumulate in interstitial areas. 
D) Fewer proteins would leak into the interstitial fluid from the blood. 
E) Nothing would happen.

Question 17

Pulse is a direct measure of

Accepted Answer

A) blood pressure. 
B) stroke volume. 
C) cardiac output. 
D) heart rate. 
E) breathing rate. 
A) blood pressure. 
B) stroke volume. 
C) cardiac output. 
D) heart rate. 
E) breathing rate.

Question 18

In which animal does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Accepted Answer

A) annelid 
B) mollusc 
C) fish 
D) frog 
E) insect 
A) annelid 
B) mollusc 
C) fish 
D) frog 
E) insect

Question 19

Which of the following is predicted in someone who smokes and whose diet includes significant trans fats?

Accepted Answer

A) increased HDL levels 
B) decreased LDL levels 
C) increased blood vessel inflammation 
D) reduced deposition of cholesterol in blood vessels 
E) decreased amounts of C-reactive protein secreted by the liver 
A) increased HDL levels 
B) decreased LDL levels 
C) increased blood vessel inflammation 
D) reduced deposition of cholesterol in blood vessels 
E) decreased amounts of C-reactive protein secreted by the liver

Question 20

The following questions refer to the data shown below.
Blood entering a capillary bed of a vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors.
 $$\begin{array} { l c c } 
& \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Arterial End of } \
\text { Capillary Bed }
\end{array} & \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Venous End of } \
\text { Capillary Bed }
\end{array} \
\hline \text { Hydrostatic pressure } & 10 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 14 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\text { Osmotic pressure } & 26 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 26 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\mathrm { PO } _ { 2 } & 100 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 42 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } \
\mathrm { PCO } _ { 2 } & 40 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg } & 46 \mathrm {~mm} \mathrm { Hg }
\end{array}$$ 
Figure 42.1
-Blood carbon dioxide levels determine the pH of other body fluids as well as blood, including the pH of cerebrospinal fluid. How does this enable the organism to control breathing?

Accepted Answer

A) The brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. 
B) The medulla, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. 
C) The brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. 
D) Stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla to speed up or slow breathing. 
E) The medulla is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood. 
A) The brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. 
B) The medulla, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. 
C) The brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. 
D) Stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla to speed up or slow breathing. 
E) The medulla is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Which of the following is/are a cause(s)of vasoconstriction?

Which of the following is used to diagnose hypertension in adults?

Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?

In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, what is the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude?

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure. This most probably relates to which of the following?

A blood vessel has the following characteristics: outer layer of connective tissue, a thick layer of smooth muscle with elastic fibers, no valves. It is which of the following?

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg, what is the contribution of oxygen?

Which of these stimulate the production of red blood cells?

Which of the following is a function of plasma proteins in humans?

A species has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg. What is the most probable hypothesis?

Tidal volume in respiration is analogous to what measurement in cardiac physiology?

What would be the long-term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were to become blocked?

Pulse is a direct measure of

In which animal does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Which of the following is predicted in someone who smokes and whose diet includes significant trans fats?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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