Question 1

When a tRNA molecule is shown twisted into an L shape, the form represented is

Accepted Answer

A) its linear sequence. 
B) its 2-dimensional shape. 
C) its 3-dimensional shape. 
D) its microscopic image. 
A) its linear sequence. 
B) its 2-dimensional shape. 
C) its 3-dimensional shape. 
D) its microscopic image. C

Question 2

In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a globin protein?

Accepted Answer

A) ligase 
B) RNA polymerase I 
C) RNA polymerase II 
D) RNA polymerase III 
E) primase 
A) ligase 
B) RNA polymerase I 
C) RNA polymerase II 
D) RNA polymerase III 
E) primase C

Question 3

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
A transfer RNA (#1) attached to the amino acid lysine enters the ribosome. The lysine binds to the growing polypeptide on the other tRNA (#2) in the ribosome already.
-Which component of the complex described enters the exit tunnel through the large subunit of the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

A) tRNA with attached lysine (#1) 
B) tRNA with polypeptide (#2) 
C) tRNA that no longer has attached amino acid 
D) newly formed polypeptide 
E) initiation and elongation factors 
A) tRNA with attached lysine (#1) 
B) tRNA with polypeptide (#2) 
C) tRNA that no longer has attached amino acid 
D) newly formed polypeptide 
E) initiation and elongation factors D

Question 4

Gene expression in Archaea differs from that in other prokaryotes. It shares features with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) eubacteria only 
B) eukaryotes only 
C) protists only 
D) fungi only 
E) bacteria and eukaryotes 
A) eubacteria only 
B) eukaryotes only 
C) protists only 
D) fungi only 
E) bacteria and eukaryotes

Question 5

Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell because

Accepted Answer

A) RNA is much more stable than DNA. 
B) RNA acts as an expendable copy of the genetic material. 
C) only one mRNA molecule can be transcribed from a single gene, lowering the potential rate of gene expression. 
D) tRNA, rRNA and others are not transcribed. 
E) mRNA molecules are subject to mutation but DNA is not. 
A) RNA is much more stable than DNA. 
B) RNA acts as an expendable copy of the genetic material. 
C) only one mRNA molecule can be transcribed from a single gene, lowering the potential rate of gene expression. 
D) tRNA, rRNA and others are not transcribed. 
E) mRNA molecules are subject to mutation but DNA is not.

Question 6

A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The following charged transfer RNA molecules (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction)are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form.
 $\begin{array} { c l } 
\text { tRNA Anticodon } & \text { Amino Acid } \
\hline \text { GGC } & \text { Proline } \
\text { CGU } & \text { Alanine } \
\text { UGC } & \text { Threonine } \
\text { CCG } & \text { Glycine } \
\text { ACG } & \text { Cysteine } \
\text { CGG } & \text { Alanine }
\end{array}$ 
Figure 17.3
The dipeptide that will form will be

Accepted Answer

A) cysteine-alanine. 
B) proline-threonine. 
C) glycine-cysteine. 
D) alanine-alanine. 
E) threonine-glycine. 
A) cysteine-alanine. 
B) proline-threonine. 
C) glycine-cysteine. 
D) alanine-alanine. 
E) threonine-glycine.

Question 7

The following questions refer to Figure 17.2, a table of codons.

-A peptide has the sequence NH₂-phe-pro-lys-gly-phe-pro-COOH. Which of the following sequences in the coding strand of the DNA could code for this peptide?

Accepted Answer

A) 3' UUU-CCC-AAA-GGG-UUU-CCC 
B) 3' AUG-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG 
C) 5' TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC 
D) 5' GGG-AAA-TTT-AAA-CCC-ACT-GGG 
E) 5' ACT-TAC-CAT-AAA-CAT-TAC-UGA 
A) 3' UUU-CCC-AAA-GGG-UUU-CCC 
B) 3' AUG-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG 
C) 5' TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC 
D) 5' GGG-AAA-TTT-AAA-CCC-ACT-GGG 
E) 5' ACT-TAC-CAT-AAA-CAT-TAC-UGA

Question 8

Sickle-cell disease is probably the result of which kind of mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) point 
B) frameshift 
C) nonsense 
D) nondisjunction 
E) both B and D 
A) point 
B) frameshift 
C) nonsense 
D) nondisjunction 
E) both B and D

Question 9

The TATA sequence is found only several nucleotides away from the start site of transcription. This most probably relates to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) the number of hydrogen bonds between A and T in DNA 
B) the triplet nature of the codon 
C) the ability of this sequence to bind to the start site 
D) the supercoiling of the DNA near the start site 
E) the 3-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule 
A) the number of hydrogen bonds between A and T in DNA 
B) the triplet nature of the codon 
C) the ability of this sequence to bind to the start site 
D) the supercoiling of the DNA near the start site 
E) the 3-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule

Question 10

A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which might this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) The sequence evolves very rapidly. 
B) The sequence does not mutate. 
C) Any mutation in the sequence is selected against. 
D) The sequence is found in many but not all promoters. 
E) The sequence is transcribed at the start of every gene. 
A) The sequence evolves very rapidly. 
B) The sequence does not mutate. 
C) Any mutation in the sequence is selected against. 
D) The sequence is found in many but not all promoters. 
E) The sequence is transcribed at the start of every gene.

Question 11

Which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon?

Accepted Answer

A) a triplet separated spatially from other triplets 
B) a triplet that has no corresponding amino acid 
C) a triplet at the opposite end of tRNA from the attachment site of the amino acid 
D) a triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG 
E) a sequence in tRNA at the 3' end 
A) a triplet separated spatially from other triplets 
B) a triplet that has no corresponding amino acid 
C) a triplet at the opposite end of tRNA from the attachment site of the amino acid 
D) a triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG 
E) a sequence in tRNA at the 3' end

Question 12

Which of the following types of mutation, resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the AUG start of translation, is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product?

Accepted Answer

A) a deletion of a codon 
B) a deletion of 2 nucleotides 
C) a substitution of the third nucleotide in an ACC codon 
D) a substitution of the first nucleotide of a GGG codon 
E) an insertion of a codon 
A) a deletion of a codon 
B) a deletion of 2 nucleotides 
C) a substitution of the third nucleotide in an ACC codon 
D) a substitution of the first nucleotide of a GGG codon 
E) an insertion of a codon

Question 13

The "universal" genetic code is now known to have exceptions. Evidence for this could be found if which of the following is True?

Accepted Answer

A) If UGA, usually a stop codon, is found to code for an amino acid such as tryptophan (usually coded for by UGG only). 
B) If one stop codon, such as UGA, is found to have a different effect on translation than another stop codon, such as UAA. 
C) If prokaryotic organisms are able to translate a eukaryotic mRNA and produce the same polypeptide. 
D) If several codons are found to translate to the same amino acid, such as serine. 
E) If a single mRNA molecule is found to translate to more than one polypeptide when there are two or more AUG sites. 
A) If UGA, usually a stop codon, is found to code for an amino acid such as tryptophan (usually coded for by UGG only). 
B) If one stop codon, such as UGA, is found to have a different effect on translation than another stop codon, such as UAA. 
C) If prokaryotic organisms are able to translate a eukaryotic mRNA and produce the same polypeptide. 
D) If several codons are found to translate to the same amino acid, such as serine. 
E) If a single mRNA molecule is found to translate to more than one polypeptide when there are two or more AUG sites.

Question 14

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
A transfer RNA (#1) attached to the amino acid lysine enters the ribosome. The lysine binds to the growing polypeptide on the other tRNA (#2) in the ribosome already.
-The process of translation, whether in prokaryotes or eukaryotes, requires tRNAs, amino acids, ribosomal subunits, and which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) polypeptide factors plus ATP 
B) polypeptide factors plus GTP 
C) polymerases plus GTP 
D) SRP plus chaperones 
E) signal peptides plus release factor 
A) polypeptide factors plus ATP 
B) polypeptide factors plus GTP 
C) polymerases plus GTP 
D) SRP plus chaperones 
E) signal peptides plus release factor

Question 15

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

A) the protein product of the promoter 
B) start and stop codons 
C) ribosomes and tRNA 
D) several transcription factors (TFs) 
E) aminoacyl synthetase 
A) the protein product of the promoter 
B) start and stop codons 
C) ribosomes and tRNA 
D) several transcription factors (TFs) 
E) aminoacyl synthetase

Question 16

Introns are significant to biological evolution because

Accepted Answer

A) their presence allows exons to be shuffled. 
B) they protect the mRNA from degeneration. 
C) they are translated into essential amino acids. 
D) they maintain the genetic code by preventing incorrect DNA base pairings. 
E) they correct enzymatic alterations of DNA bases. 
A) their presence allows exons to be shuffled. 
B) they protect the mRNA from degeneration. 
C) they are translated into essential amino acids. 
D) they maintain the genetic code by preventing incorrect DNA base pairings. 
E) they correct enzymatic alterations of DNA bases.

Question 17

Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?

Accepted Answer

A) a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic 
B) a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein 
C) a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide 
D) a DNA-RNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product 
E) a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids 
A) a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic 
B) a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein 
C) a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide 
D) a DNA-RNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product 
E) a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids

Question 18

Review the roles of RNA by filling in the following table:
 $\begin{array}{|c|c|}
 \hline \text {Type of RNA  } & \text { Functions } \
\hline \text { Messenger RNA (mRNA)} & \text {  }\
\hline \text { Transfer RNA (tRNA) } & \text {  }\
 \hline& \text { Plays catalytic (ribozyme) roles and } \
& \text {  structural roles in ribosomes } \
\hline \text {  Primary transcript} & \text {  }\
\hline \text {Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)  } & \text {  }\
\hline
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the roles of RNA by filling...

Question 19

In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until

Accepted Answer

A) the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter. 
B) several transcription factors have bound to the promoter. 
C) the 5' caps are removed from the mRNA. 
D) the DNA introns are removed from the template. 
E) DNA nucleases have isolated the transcription unit. 
A) the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter. 
B) several transcription factors have bound to the promoter. 
C) the 5' caps are removed from the mRNA. 
D) the DNA introns are removed from the template. 
E) DNA nucleases have isolated the transcription unit.

Question 20

The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic pathway:

-If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain mutant for the gene encoding enzyme B would be capable of growing on which of the following media?

Accepted Answer

A) minimal medium 
B) minimal medium supplemented with "A" only 
C) minimal medium supplemented with "B" only 
D) minimal medium supplemented with "C" only 
E) minimal medium supplemented with nutrients "A" and "B" 
A) minimal medium 
B) minimal medium supplemented with "A" only 
C) minimal medium supplemented with "B" only 
D) minimal medium supplemented with "C" only 
E) minimal medium supplemented with nutrients "A" and "B"

Exam 17: From Gene to Protein

When a tRNA molecule is shown twisted into an L shape, the form represented is

In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a globin protein?

Gene expression in Archaea differs from that in other prokaryotes. It shares features with which of the following?

Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell because

The following questions refer to Figure 17.2, a table of codons. -A peptide has the sequence NH₂-phe-pro-lys-gly-phe-pro-COOH. Which of the following sequences in the coding strand of the DNA could code for this peptide?

Sickle-cell disease is probably the result of which kind of mutation?

The TATA sequence is found only several nucleotides away from the start site of transcription. This most probably relates to which of the following?

A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which might this illustrate?

Which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon?

Which of the following types of mutation, resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the AUG start of translation, is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product?

The "universal" genetic code is now known to have exceptions. Evidence for this could be found if which of the following is True?

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?

Introns are significant to biological evolution because

Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?

Review the roles of RNA by filling in the following table: Type of RNA Functions Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Plays catalytic (ribozyme) roles and structural roles in ribosomes Primary transcript Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until

The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic pathway: -If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain mutant for the gene encoding enzyme B would be capable of growing on which of the following media?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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