Question 1

Alternative RNA splicing

Accepted Answer

A) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription. 
B) can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA. 
C) can allow the production of similar proteins from different RNAs. 
D) increases the rate of transcription. 
E) is due to the presence or absence of particular snRNPs. 
A) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription. 
B) can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA. 
C) can allow the production of similar proteins from different RNAs. 
D) increases the rate of transcription. 
E) is due to the presence or absence of particular snRNPs.

Question 2

In the 1920s Muller discovered that X-rays caused mutation in Drosophila. In a related series of experiments, in the 1940s, Charlotte Auerbach discovered that chemicals she used nitrogen mustards have a similar effect. A new chemical food additive is developed by a cereal manufacturer. Why do we test for its ability to induce mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) We worry that it might cause mutation in cereal grain plants. 
B) We want to make sure that it does not emit radiation. 
C) We want to be sure that it increases the rate of mutation sufficiently. 
D) We want to prevent any increase in mutation frequency. 
E) We worry about its ability to cause infection. 
A) We worry that it might cause mutation in cereal grain plants. 
B) We want to make sure that it does not emit radiation. 
C) We want to be sure that it increases the rate of mutation sufficiently. 
D) We want to prevent any increase in mutation frequency. 
E) We worry about its ability to cause infection.

Question 3

The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic pathway:

-A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) an accumulation of A and no production of B and C 
B) an accumulation of A and B and no production of C 
C) an accumulation of B and no production of A and C 
D) an accumulation of B and C and no production of A 
E) an accumulation of C and no production of A and B 
A) an accumulation of A and no production of B and C 
B) an accumulation of A and B and no production of C 
C) an accumulation of B and no production of A and C 
D) an accumulation of B and C and no production of A 
E) an accumulation of C and no production of A and B

Question 4

Which of the following statements are True about protein synthesis in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A) Extensive RNA processing is required before prokaryotic transcripts can be translated. 
B) Translation can begin while transcription is still in progress. 
C) Prokaryotic cells have complicated mechanisms for targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular organelles. 
D) Translation requires antibiotic activity. 
E) Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes require no initiation or elongation factors. 
A) Extensive RNA processing is required before prokaryotic transcripts can be translated. 
B) Translation can begin while transcription is still in progress. 
C) Prokaryotic cells have complicated mechanisms for targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular organelles. 
D) Translation requires antibiotic activity. 
E) Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes require no initiation or elongation factors.

Question 5

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is

Accepted Answer

A) TTT. 
B) UUA. 
C) UUU. 
D) AAA. 
E) either UAA or TAA, depending on first base wobble. 
A) TTT. 
B) UUA. 
C) UUU. 
D) AAA. 
E) either UAA or TAA, depending on first base wobble.

Question 6

From the following list, which is the first event in translation in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A) elongation of the polypeptide 
B) base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA 
C) the larger ribosomal subunit binds to smaller ribosomal subunits 
D) covalent bonding between the first two amino acids 
E) the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5' cap of mRNA 
A) elongation of the polypeptide 
B) base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA 
C) the larger ribosomal subunit binds to smaller ribosomal subunits 
D) covalent bonding between the first two amino acids 
E) the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5' cap of mRNA

Question 7

Each of the following options is a modification of the sentence THECATATETHERAT. Which of the following is analogous to a single substitution mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) THERATATETHECAT 
B) THETACATETHERAT 
C) THECATARETHERAT 
D) THECATATTHERAT 
E) CATATETHERAT 
A) THERATATETHECAT 
B) THETACATETHERAT 
C) THECATARETHERAT 
D) THECATATTHERAT 
E) CATATETHERAT

Question 8

What is a ribozyme?

Accepted Answer

A) an enzyme that uses RNA as a substrate 
B) an RNA with enzymatic activity 
C) an enzyme that catalyzes the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits 
D) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA as part of the transcription process 
E) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication 
A) an enzyme that uses RNA as a substrate 
B) an RNA with enzymatic activity 
C) an enzyme that catalyzes the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits 
D) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA as part of the transcription process 
E) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication

Question 9

The following questions refer to Figure 17.5, a table of codons.
   
Figure 17.5
-Which component is not directly involved in translation?

Accepted Answer

A) mRNA 
B) DNA 
C) tRNA 
D) ribosomes 
E) GTP 
A) mRNA 
B) DNA 
C) tRNA 
D) ribosomes 
E) GTP

Question 10

The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic pathway:

-According to Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis, how many genes are necessary for this pathway?

Accepted Answer

A) 0 
B) 1 
C) 2 
D) 3 
E) It cannot be determined from the pathway. 
A) 0 
B) 1 
C) 2 
D) 3 
E) It cannot be determined from the pathway.

Question 11

In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after he has removed its 5' cap and poly(A)tail. Which of the following would you expect him to find?

Accepted Answer

A) The mRNA could not exit the nucleus to be translated. 
B) The cell recognizes the absence of the tail and polyadenylates the mRNA. 
C) The molecule is digested by restriction enzymes in the nucleus. 
D) The molecule is digested by exonucleases since it is no longer protected at the 5' end. 
E) The molecule attaches to a ribosome and is translated, but more slowly. 
A) The mRNA could not exit the nucleus to be translated. 
B) The cell recognizes the absence of the tail and polyadenylates the mRNA. 
C) The molecule is digested by restriction enzymes in the nucleus. 
D) The molecule is digested by exonucleases since it is no longer protected at the 5' end. 
E) The molecule attaches to a ribosome and is translated, but more slowly.

Question 12

Each of the following options is a modification of the sentence THECATATETHERAT. Which of the following is analogous to a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) THERATATETHECAT 
B) THETACATETHERAT 
C) THECATARETHERAT 
D) THECATATTHERAT 
E) CATATETHERAT 
A) THERATATETHECAT 
B) THETACATETHERAT 
C) THECATARETHERAT 
D) THECATATTHERAT 
E) CATATETHERAT

Question 13

The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group?

Accepted Answer

A) proteins, triglycerides, and testosterone 
B) proteins, ATP, and DNA 
C) ATP, RNA, and DNA 
D) alpha glucose, ATP, and DNA 
E) proteins, carbohydrates, and ATP 
A) proteins, triglycerides, and testosterone 
B) proteins, ATP, and DNA 
C) ATP, RNA, and DNA 
D) alpha glucose, ATP, and DNA 
E) proteins, carbohydrates, and ATP

Question 14

Figure 17.4  
-Figure 17.4 represents tRNA that recognizes and binds a particular amino acid (in this instance, phenylalanine). Which codon on the mRNA strand codes for this amino acid?

Accepted Answer

A) UGG 
B) GUG 
C) GUA 
D) UUC 
E) CAU 
A) UGG 
B) GUG 
C) GUA 
D) UUC 
E) CAU

Question 15

The following questions refer to Figure 17.2, a table of codons.

-A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be

Accepted Answer

A) 5' TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG 3'. 
B) 3' AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA 5'. 
C) 5' AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT 3'. 
D) 3' AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA 5'. 
E) 3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'. 
A) 5' TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG 3'. 
B) 3' AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA 5'. 
C) 5' AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT 3'. 
D) 3' AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA 5'. 
E) 3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'.

Question 16

Which of the following is (are)True of snRNPs?

Accepted Answer

A) They are made up of both DNA and RNA. 
B) They bind to splice sites at each end of the exon. 
C) They join together to form a large structure called the spliceosome. 
D) They act only in the cytosol. 
E) They attach introns to exons in the correct order. 
A) They are made up of both DNA and RNA. 
B) They bind to splice sites at each end of the exon. 
C) They join together to form a large structure called the spliceosome. 
D) They act only in the cytosol. 
E) They attach introns to exons in the correct order.

Question 17

Which of the following is not True of a codon?

Accepted Answer

A) It consists of three nucleotides. 
B) It may code for the same amino acid as another codon. 
C) It never codes for more than one amino acid. 
D) It extends from one end of a tRNA molecule. 
E) It is the basic unit of the genetic code. 
A) It consists of three nucleotides. 
B) It may code for the same amino acid as another codon. 
C) It never codes for more than one amino acid. 
D) It extends from one end of a tRNA molecule. 
E) It is the basic unit of the genetic code.

Question 18

The enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase randomly assembles nucleotides into a polynucleotide polymer. You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. How many artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 8 
D) 16 
E) 64 
A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 8 
D) 16 
E) 64

Question 19

What are polyribosomes?

Accepted Answer

A) groups of ribosomes reading a single mRNA simultaneously 
B) ribosomes containing more than two subunits 
C) multiple copies of ribosomes associated with giant chromosomes 
D) aggregations of vesicles containing ribosomal RNA 
E) ribosomes associated with more than one tRNA 
A) groups of ribosomes reading a single mRNA simultaneously 
B) ribosomes containing more than two subunits 
C) multiple copies of ribosomes associated with giant chromosomes 
D) aggregations of vesicles containing ribosomal RNA 
E) ribosomes associated with more than one tRNA

Question 20

The following questions refer to Figure 17.5, a table of codons.
   
Figure 17.5
-Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

Accepted Answer

A) a base-pair substitution 
B) a deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene 
C) a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of an intron 
D) a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence 
E) a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence 
A) a base-pair substitution 
B) a deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene 
C) a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of an intron 
D) a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence 
E) a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence

Exam 17: From Gene to Protein

Alternative RNA splicing

The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic pathway: -A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?

Which of the following statements are True about protein synthesis in prokaryotes?

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is

From the following list, which is the first event in translation in eukaryotes?

Each of the following options is a modification of the sentence THECATATETHERAT. Which of the following is analogous to a single substitution mutation?

What is a ribozyme?

The following questions refer to Figure 17.5, a table of codons. Figure 17.5 -Which component is not directly involved in translation?

The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic pathway: -According to Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis, how many genes are necessary for this pathway?

In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after he has removed its 5' cap and poly(A)tail. Which of the following would you expect him to find?

Each of the following options is a modification of the sentence THECATATETHERAT. Which of the following is analogous to a frameshift mutation?

The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group?

Figure 17.4 -Figure 17.4 represents tRNA that recognizes and binds a particular amino acid (in this instance, phenylalanine). Which codon on the mRNA strand codes for this amino acid?

The following questions refer to Figure 17.2, a table of codons. -A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be

Which of the following is (are)True of snRNPs?

Which of the following is not True of a codon?

The enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase randomly assembles nucleotides into a polynucleotide polymer. You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. How many artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?

What are polyribosomes?

The following questions refer to Figure 17.5, a table of codons. Figure 17.5 -Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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