Question 1

Growth factors are local regulators that

Accepted Answer

A) are produced by the anterior pituitary. 
B) are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth. 
C) are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division. 
D) are proteins that bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells. 
E) convey messages between nerve cells. 
A) are produced by the anterior pituitary. 
B) are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth. 
C) are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division. 
D) are proteins that bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells. 
E) convey messages between nerve cells. D

Question 2

Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary directly affect the release of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) parathyroid hormone 
B) calcitonin 
C) epinephrine 
D) thyroxine 
E) glucagon 
A) parathyroid hormone 
B) calcitonin 
C) epinephrine 
D) thyroxine 
E) glucagon D

Question 3

Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Prolactin is a nonspecific hormone. 
B) Prolactin has a unique mechanism for eliciting its effects. 
C) Prolactin is an evolutionary conserved hormone. 
D) Prolactin is derived from two separate sources. 
E) Prolactin interacts with many different receptor molecules. 
A) Prolactin is a nonspecific hormone. 
B) Prolactin has a unique mechanism for eliciting its effects. 
C) Prolactin is an evolutionary conserved hormone. 
D) Prolactin is derived from two separate sources. 
E) Prolactin interacts with many different receptor molecules. C

Question 4

The question below refers to the following information.
In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table below
 $\begin{array}{lcc}
\hline&\text { Group } 1 &\text { Group } 2\
\hline (\text { Daily injections of }&&\
\text { progesterone (milligrams) } & 0.25 & 2.0 \
\text { Percentage of rats that } & & \
\text { carried fetuses to birth } & 0 & 100\
\hline
\end{array}$
 
Figure 45.1
-Which combination of gland and hormone would be linked to winter hibernation and spring reproduction in bears?

Accepted Answer

A) pineal gland, melatonin 
B) hypothalamus gland, melatonin 
C) anterior pituitary gland, gonadotropin-releasing hormone 
D) pineal gland, estrogen 
E) posterior pituitary gland, thyroid-stimulating hormone 
A) pineal gland, melatonin 
B) hypothalamus gland, melatonin 
C) anterior pituitary gland, gonadotropin-releasing hormone 
D) pineal gland, estrogen 
E) posterior pituitary gland, thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 5

Iodine is added to commercially-prepared table salt to help prevent deficiencies of this essential mineral. Which gland(s)require(s)iodine to function properly?

Accepted Answer

A) parathyroids 
B) adrenal 
C) thyroid 
D) pancreas 
E) ovaries and testes 
A) parathyroids 
B) adrenal 
C) thyroid 
D) pancreas 
E) ovaries and testes

Question 6

The question below refers to the following information.
In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table below
 $\begin{array}{lcc}
\hline&\text { Group } 1 &\text { Group } 2\
\hline (\text { Daily injections of }&&\
\text { progesterone (milligrams) } & 0.25 & 2.0 \
\text { Percentage of rats that } & & \
\text { carried fetuses to birth } & 0 & 100\
\hline
\end{array}$
 
Figure 45.1
-The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the

Accepted Answer

A) general health of the rat. 
B) size of the fetus. 
C) maintenance of the uterus. 
D) gestation period of rats. 
E) number of eggs fertilized. 
A) general health of the rat. 
B) size of the fetus. 
C) maintenance of the uterus. 
D) gestation period of rats. 
E) number of eggs fertilized.

Question 7

The question below refers to the following information.
In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table below
 $\begin{array}{lcc}
\hline&\text { Group } 1 &\text { Group } 2\
\hline (\text { Daily injections of }&&\
\text { progesterone (milligrams) } & 0.25 & 2.0 \
\text { Percentage of rats that } & & \
\text { carried fetuses to birth } & 0 & 100\
\hline
\end{array}$
 
Figure 45.1
-Epinephrine is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) an androgen. 
B) an estrogen. 
C) a progestin. 
D) a catecholamine. 
E) melatonin. 
A) an androgen. 
B) an estrogen. 
C) a progestin. 
D) a catecholamine. 
E) melatonin.

Question 8

A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) secretory cell. 
B) plasma cell. 
C) endocrine cell. 
D) target cell. 
E) regulatory cell. 
A) secretory cell. 
B) plasma cell. 
C) endocrine cell. 
D) target cell. 
E) regulatory cell.

Question 9

When an individual is subject to short-term starvation, most available food is used to provide energy (metabolism)rather than building blocks (growth and repair). Which hormone would be particularly active in times of food shortage?

Accepted Answer

A) epinephrine 
B) glucagon 
C) oxytocin 
D) antidiuretic hormone 
E) insulin 
A) epinephrine 
B) glucagon 
C) oxytocin 
D) antidiuretic hormone 
E) insulin

Question 10

The question below refers to the following information.
In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table below
 $\begin{array}{lcc}
\hline&\text { Group } 1 &\text { Group } 2\
\hline (\text { Daily injections of }&&\
\text { progesterone (milligrams) } & 0.25 & 2.0 \
\text { Percentage of rats that } & & \
\text { carried fetuses to birth } & 0 & 100\
\hline
\end{array}$
 
Figure 45.1
-Which of the following is a steroid hormone that triggers molting in arthropods?

Accepted Answer

A) ecdysone 
B) glucagon 
C) thyroxine 
D) oxytocin 
E) growth hormone 
A) ecdysone 
B) glucagon 
C) thyroxine 
D) oxytocin 
E) growth hormone

Question 11

Which of the following statements about hormones is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Steroid and peptide hormones produce different effects but use the same biochemical mechanisms. 
B) Steroid and peptide hormones produce the same effects but differ in the mechanisms that produce the effects. 
C) Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins, whereas peptide hormones affect the activity of proteins already present in the cell. 
D) Steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA. 
E) Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins to be exported from the cell, whereas peptide hormones affect the synthesis of proteins that remain in the cell. 
A) Steroid and peptide hormones produce different effects but use the same biochemical mechanisms. 
B) Steroid and peptide hormones produce the same effects but differ in the mechanisms that produce the effects. 
C) Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins, whereas peptide hormones affect the activity of proteins already present in the cell. 
D) Steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA. 
E) Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins to be exported from the cell, whereas peptide hormones affect the synthesis of proteins that remain in the cell.

Question 12

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the __________ and stored in the __________.

Accepted Answer

A) hypothalamus; neurohypophysis 
B) adenohypophysis; kidneys 
C) anterior pituitary; thyroid 
D) adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla 
E) posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary 
A) hypothalamus; neurohypophysis 
B) adenohypophysis; kidneys 
C) anterior pituitary; thyroid 
D) adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla 
E) posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary

Question 13

Which of the following does not represent a chemical signal?

Accepted Answer

A) movement of a signal from one end of a nerve to the other end of the nerve 
B) movement of a signal from one nerve to the next 
C) an immune cell releasing a cytokine 
D) a chemical released that affects the cell that releases it 
E) chemicals released into the bloodstream from nerve cells 
A) movement of a signal from one end of a nerve to the other end of the nerve 
B) movement of a signal from one nerve to the next 
C) an immune cell releasing a cytokine 
D) a chemical released that affects the cell that releases it 
E) chemicals released into the bloodstream from nerve cells

Question 14

Only certain cells in the body are target cells for the steroid hormone aldosterone. Which of the following is the best explanation for why these are the only cells that respond to this hormone?

Accepted Answer

A) Only target cells are exposed to aldosterone. 
B) Only target cells contain receptors for aldosterone. 
C) Aldosterone is unable to enter nontarget cells. 
D) Nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce its effect. 
E) Nontarget cells convert aldosterone to a hormone to which they do respond. 
A) Only target cells are exposed to aldosterone. 
B) Only target cells contain receptors for aldosterone. 
C) Aldosterone is unable to enter nontarget cells. 
D) Nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce its effect. 
E) Nontarget cells convert aldosterone to a hormone to which they do respond.

Question 15

Which of the following are not part of homeostasis promotion or maintenance?

Accepted Answer

A) A stimulus causes an endocrine cell to secrete a particular hormone, which decreases the stimulus. 
B) A hormone acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone. 
C) A hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop. 
D) Signal transduction brings about a response in the target cell. 
E) Secretin promotes an increase in the pH of the duodenum. 
A) A stimulus causes an endocrine cell to secrete a particular hormone, which decreases the stimulus. 
B) A hormone acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone. 
C) A hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop. 
D) Signal transduction brings about a response in the target cell. 
E) Secretin promotes an increase in the pH of the duodenum.

Question 16

Hormone X produces its effect in its target cells via the cAMP second messenger system. Which of the following will produce the greatest effect in the cell?

Accepted Answer

A) a molecule of hormone X applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
B) a molecule of hormone X injected into the cytoplasm of the cell 
C) a molecule of cAMP applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
D) a molecule of cAMP injected into the cytoplasm of the cell 
E) a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase injected into the cytoplasm of the cell 
A) a molecule of hormone X applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
B) a molecule of hormone X injected into the cytoplasm of the cell 
C) a molecule of cAMP applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
D) a molecule of cAMP injected into the cytoplasm of the cell 
E) a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase injected into the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 17

The question below refers to the following information.
In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table below
 $\begin{array}{lcc}
\hline&\text { Group } 1 &\text { Group } 2\
\hline (\text { Daily injections of }&&\
\text { progesterone (milligrams) } & 0.25 & 2.0 \
\text { Percentage of rats that } & & \
\text { carried fetuses to birth } & 0 & 100\
\hline
\end{array}$
 
Figure 45.1
-Melatonin has been found to participate in all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) skin pigmentation. 
B) monitoring day length. 
C) reproduction. 
D) biological rhythms. 
E) calcium deposition in bone. 
A) skin pigmentation. 
B) monitoring day length. 
C) reproduction. 
D) biological rhythms. 
E) calcium deposition in bone.

Question 18

The question below refers to the following information.
In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table below
 $\begin{array}{lcc}
\hline&\text { Group } 1 &\text { Group } 2\
\hline (\text { Daily injections of }&&\
\text { progesterone (milligrams) } & 0.25 & 2.0 \
\text { Percentage of rats that } & & \
\text { carried fetuses to birth } & 0 & 100\
\hline
\end{array}$
 
Figure 45.1
-Which of the following is secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

A) ecdysone 
B) glucagon 
C) thyroxine 
D) oxytocin 
E) growth hormone 
A) ecdysone 
B) glucagon 
C) thyroxine 
D) oxytocin 
E) growth hormone

Question 19

Which of the following are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine?

Accepted Answer

A) epinephrine 
B) catecholamines 
C) thyroxin 
D) A and B only 
E) A, B, and C 
A) epinephrine 
B) catecholamines 
C) thyroxin 
D) A and B only 
E) A, B, and C

Question 20

Which of the following endocrine structures are derived from nervous tissue?

Accepted Answer

A) thymus and thyroid glands 
B) ovaries and the testes 
C) liver and the pancreas 
D) anterior pituitary and the adrenal cortex 
E) posterior pituitary and the adrenal medulla 
A) thymus and thyroid glands 
B) ovaries and the testes 
C) liver and the pancreas 
D) anterior pituitary and the adrenal cortex 
E) posterior pituitary and the adrenal medulla

Exam 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System

Growth factors are local regulators that

Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary directly affect the release of which of the following?

Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates which of the following?

Iodine is added to commercially-prepared table salt to help prevent deficiencies of this essential mineral. Which gland(s)require(s)iodine to function properly?

A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a(n)

When an individual is subject to short-term starvation, most available food is used to provide energy (metabolism)rather than building blocks (growth and repair). Which hormone would be particularly active in times of food shortage?

Which of the following statements about hormones is correct?

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the __________ and stored in the __________.

Which of the following does not represent a chemical signal?

Only certain cells in the body are target cells for the steroid hormone aldosterone. Which of the following is the best explanation for why these are the only cells that respond to this hormone?

Which of the following are not part of homeostasis promotion or maintenance?

Hormone X produces its effect in its target cells via the cAMP second messenger system. Which of the following will produce the greatest effect in the cell?

Which of the following are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine?

Which of the following endocrine structures are derived from nervous tissue?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

Filters

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the and stored in the .