Question 1

The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into the

Accepted Answer

A) reproductive organs. 
B) the blastocoel. 
C) heart and lungs. 
D) digestive tract. 
E) brain and spinal cord. 
A) reproductive organs. 
B) the blastocoel. 
C) heart and lungs. 
D) digestive tract. 
E) brain and spinal cord. D

Question 2

Gases are exchanged in a mammalian embryo in the

Accepted Answer

A) amnion. 
B) hypoblast. 
C) chorion. 
D) trophoblast. 
E) yolk sac. 
A) amnion. 
B) hypoblast. 
C) chorion. 
D) trophoblast. 
E) yolk sac. C

Question 3

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents

Accepted Answer

A) block polyspermy. 
B) help propel more sperm toward the egg. 
C) digest the protective coat on the surface of the egg. 
D) nourish the mitochondria of the sperm. 
E) trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm. 
A) block polyspermy. 
B) help propel more sperm toward the egg. 
C) digest the protective coat on the surface of the egg. 
D) nourish the mitochondria of the sperm. 
E) trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm. C

Question 4

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space defines

Accepted Answer

A) pattern formation. 
B) induction. 
C) differentiation. 
D) determination. 
E) organogenesis. 
A) pattern formation. 
B) induction. 
C) differentiation. 
D) determination. 
E) organogenesis.

Question 5

Changes in both cell shape and cell position occur extensively during

Accepted Answer

A) gastrulation, but not organogenesis or cleavage. 
B) organogenesis, but not gastrulation or cleavage. 
C) cleavage, but not gastrulation or organogenesis. 
D) gastrulation and organogenesis but not cleavage. 
E) gastrulation, organogenesis, and cleavage. 
A) gastrulation, but not organogenesis or cleavage. 
B) organogenesis, but not gastrulation or cleavage. 
C) cleavage, but not gastrulation or organogenesis. 
D) gastrulation and organogenesis but not cleavage. 
E) gastrulation, organogenesis, and cleavage.

Question 6

Compared to sea urchin eggs, those of mammals

Accepted Answer

A) complete the fertilization process more rapidly. 
B) have not already completed meiosis at the time of ovulation. 
C) have a more distinct animal pole. 
D) have a more distinct vegetal pole. 
E) have no requirement for the cortical reaction. 
A) complete the fertilization process more rapidly. 
B) have not already completed meiosis at the time of ovulation. 
C) have a more distinct animal pole. 
D) have a more distinct vegetal pole. 
E) have no requirement for the cortical reaction.

Question 7

The vegetal pole of the zygote differs from the animal pole in that

Accepted Answer

A) the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk. 
B) the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole. 
C) the posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole. 
D) the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis. 
E) the polar bodies bud from this region. 
A) the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk. 
B) the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole. 
C) the posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole. 
D) the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis. 
E) the polar bodies bud from this region.

Question 8

The yolk of the frog egg

Accepted Answer

A) prevents gastrulation. 
B) is concentrated at the animal pole. 
C) is homogeneously arranged in the egg. 
D) impedes the formation of a primitive streak. 
E) supports the higher rate of cleavage at the animal pole compared to the vegetal pole. 
A) prevents gastrulation. 
B) is concentrated at the animal pole. 
C) is homogeneously arranged in the egg. 
D) impedes the formation of a primitive streak. 
E) supports the higher rate of cleavage at the animal pole compared to the vegetal pole.

Question 9

In mammals, the nuclei resulting from the union of the sperm and the egg are first truly diploid at the end of the

Accepted Answer

A) acrosomal reaction. 
B) completion of spermatogenesis. 
C) initial cleavage. 
D) activation of the egg. 
E) completion of gastrulation. 
A) acrosomal reaction. 
B) completion of spermatogenesis. 
C) initial cleavage. 
D) activation of the egg. 
E) completion of gastrulation.

Question 10

During gastrulation in frog embryos, fibronectin provides

Accepted Answer

A) an extracellular anchorage for migrating cells. 
B) regulates actin-myosin interactions in the cytosol of migrating cells. 
C) reduces the entry of calcium ions into migrating cells. 
D) regulates mRNA movement out of the nucleus of a moving cell. 
E) the pigment that accumulates in the primitive streak. 
A) an extracellular anchorage for migrating cells. 
B) regulates actin-myosin interactions in the cytosol of migrating cells. 
C) reduces the entry of calcium ions into migrating cells. 
D) regulates mRNA movement out of the nucleus of a moving cell. 
E) the pigment that accumulates in the primitive streak.

Question 11

An open space within the gastrula is the

Accepted Answer

A) ectoderm. 
B) mesoderm. 
C) archenteron. 
D) endoderm. 
E) neural crest cells. 
A) ectoderm. 
B) mesoderm. 
C) archenteron. 
D) endoderm. 
E) neural crest cells.

Question 12

An embryo with meroblastic cleavage, extra-embryonic membranes, and a primitive streak must be that of

Accepted Answer

A) an insect. 
B) a fish. 
C) an amphibian. 
D) a bird. 
E) a sea urchin. 
A) an insect. 
B) a fish. 
C) an amphibian. 
D) a bird. 
E) a sea urchin.

Question 13

In frog embryos, the blastopore becomes the

Accepted Answer

A) anus. 
B) ears. 
C) eyes. 
D) nose. 
E) mouth. 
A) anus. 
B) ears. 
C) eyes. 
D) nose. 
E) mouth.

Question 14

The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the

Accepted Answer

A) nervous system. 
B) liver. 
C) pancreas. 
D) heart. 
E) kidneys. 
A) nervous system. 
B) liver. 
C) pancreas. 
D) heart. 
E) kidneys.

Question 15

Animal development compares to plant development in that

Accepted Answer

A) plant cells, but not animal cells, migrate during morphogenesis. 
B) animal cells, but not plant cells, migrate during morphogenesis. 
C) plant cells and animal cells migrate extensively during morphogenesis. 
D) neither plant cells nor animal cells migrate during morphogenesis. 
E) plant cells, but not animal cells, migrate undergo convergent extension. 
A) plant cells, but not animal cells, migrate during morphogenesis. 
B) animal cells, but not plant cells, migrate during morphogenesis. 
C) plant cells and animal cells migrate extensively during morphogenesis. 
D) neither plant cells nor animal cells migrate during morphogenesis. 
E) plant cells, but not animal cells, migrate undergo convergent extension.

Question 16

The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of

Accepted Answer

A) the lip of the blastopore in the frog. 
B) the archenteron in a frog. 
C) polar bodies in a sea urchin. 
D) the notochord in a mammal. 
E) neural crest cells in a mammal. 
A) the lip of the blastopore in the frog. 
B) the archenteron in a frog. 
C) polar bodies in a sea urchin. 
D) the notochord in a mammal. 
E) neural crest cells in a mammal.

Question 17

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

Accepted Answer

A) endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm. 
B) mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm. 
C) ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm. 
D) ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm. 
E) endoderm → mesoderm → ectoderm. 
A) endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm. 
B) mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm. 
C) ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm. 
D) ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm. 
E) endoderm → mesoderm → ectoderm.

Question 18

The migratory neural crest cells

Accepted Answer

A) form most of the central nervous system. 
B) serve as precursor cells for the notochord. 
C) form the spinal cord in the frog. 
D) form neural and non-neural structures in the periphery. 
E) form the lining of the lungs and of the digestive tract. 
A) form most of the central nervous system. 
B) serve as precursor cells for the notochord. 
C) form the spinal cord in the frog. 
D) form neural and non-neural structures in the periphery. 
E) form the lining of the lungs and of the digestive tract.

Question 19

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Accepted Answer

A) is composed of a single cell, in which the developmental origin of each protein has been mapped. 
B) is composed of about 1,000 cells, in which the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped. 
C) has only a single chromosome, which has been fully sequenced. 
D) has about 1,000 genes, each of which has been fully sequenced. 
E) uniquely, among animals, utilizes programmed cell death during normal development. 
A) is composed of a single cell, in which the developmental origin of each protein has been mapped. 
B) is composed of about 1,000 cells, in which the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped. 
C) has only a single chromosome, which has been fully sequenced. 
D) has about 1,000 genes, each of which has been fully sequenced. 
E) uniquely, among animals, utilizes programmed cell death during normal development.

Question 20

Two primary factors in shaping the polarity of the body axes in chick embryos are

Accepted Answer

A) light and temperature. 
B) salt gradients and membrane potentials. 
C) gravity and pH. 
D) moisture and mucus. 
E) location of sperm penetration and cortical reaction. 
A) light and temperature. 
B) salt gradients and membrane potentials. 
C) gravity and pH. 
D) moisture and mucus. 
E) location of sperm penetration and cortical reaction.

Exam 47: Animal Development

The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into the

Gases are exchanged in a mammalian embryo in the

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space defines

Changes in both cell shape and cell position occur extensively during

Compared to sea urchin eggs, those of mammals

The vegetal pole of the zygote differs from the animal pole in that

The yolk of the frog egg

In mammals, the nuclei resulting from the union of the sperm and the egg are first truly diploid at the end of the

During gastrulation in frog embryos, fibronectin provides

An open space within the gastrula is the

An embryo with meroblastic cleavage, extra-embryonic membranes, and a primitive streak must be that of

In frog embryos, the blastopore becomes the

The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the

Animal development compares to plant development in that

The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

The migratory neural crest cells

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Two primary factors in shaping the polarity of the body axes in chick embryos are

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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