Question 1

A marine sea star was mistakenly placed in freshwater and it died. What is the most likely explanation for its death?

Accepted Answer

A) The sea star was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to new conditions. 
B) The sea star is hyperosmotic to the freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate. 
C) The osmoregulatory system of the sea star could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the freshwater. 
D) The contractile vacuoles used to regulate water content ruptured in the freshwater. 
E) The cells of the sea star dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize. 
A) The sea star was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to new conditions. 
B) The sea star is hyperosmotic to the freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate. 
C) The osmoregulatory system of the sea star could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the freshwater. 
D) The contractile vacuoles used to regulate water content ruptured in the freshwater. 
E) The cells of the sea star dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize. B

Question 2

Which of the following mechanisms for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal is correctly paired with its corresponding animal?

Accepted Answer

A) metanephridium-flatworm 
B) Malpighian tubule-frog 
C) kidney-insect 
D) flame bulb-snake 
E) direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate 
A) metanephridium-flatworm 
B) Malpighian tubule-frog 
C) kidney-insect 
D) flame bulb-snake 
E) direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate E

Question 3

Which one of the following, if present in a urine sample, would likely be caused by trauma?

Accepted Answer

A) amino acids 
B) glucose 
C) salts 
D) erythrocytes 
E) vitamins 
A) amino acids 
B) glucose 
C) salts 
D) erythrocytes 
E) vitamins D

Question 4

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

Accepted Answer

A) is readily soluble in water. 
B) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal which is conducive to the function of flight in terms of weight. 
D) excretion allows birds to live in desert environments. 
A) is readily soluble in water. 
B) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal which is conducive to the function of flight in terms of weight. 
D) excretion allows birds to live in desert environments.

Question 5

Where and from what compound(s)is urea produced?

Accepted Answer

A) liver from NH3 and CO2 
B) liver from glycogen 
C) kidneys from glucose 
D) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids 
E) bladder from uric acid and H₂O 
A) liver from NH3 and CO2 
B) liver from glycogen 
C) kidneys from glucose 
D) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids 
E) bladder from uric acid and H₂O

Question 6

What is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by birds?

Accepted Answer

A) ammonia 
B) nitrate 
C) nitrite 
D) urea 
E) uric acid 
A) ammonia 
B) nitrate 
C) nitrite 
D) urea 
E) uric acid

Question 7

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items.
   Figure 44.1
-Synthesized by mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes because of its lesser toxicity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following structural formulas to identify...

Question 8

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

Accepted Answer

A) found in fresh water lakes and streams. 
B) marine. 
C) amphibious. 
D) found in arid terrestrial environments. 
E) found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture. 
A) found in fresh water lakes and streams. 
B) marine. 
C) amphibious. 
D) found in arid terrestrial environments. 
E) found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture.

Question 9

How does ADH function at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

A) ADH stimulates the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. 
B) It triggers the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. 
C) It causes membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. 
D) It causes an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. 
E) It decreases the speed at which filtrate flow through the nephron leading to increased reabsorption of water. 
A) ADH stimulates the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. 
B) It triggers the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. 
C) It causes membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. 
D) It causes an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. 
E) It decreases the speed at which filtrate flow through the nephron leading to increased reabsorption of water.

Question 10

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Accepted Answer

A) filtration 
B) reabsorption 
C) active transport 
D) secretion 
E) salt pumping by the loop of Henle 
A) filtration 
B) reabsorption 
C) active transport 
D) secretion 
E) salt pumping by the loop of Henle

Question 11

Which of the following is not a normal response to increased blood osmolarity in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) increased permeability of the collecting duct to water 
B) production of more dilute urine 
C) release of ADH by the pituitary gland 
D) increased thirst 
E) reduced urine production 
A) increased permeability of the collecting duct to water 
B) production of more dilute urine 
C) release of ADH by the pituitary gland 
D) increased thirst 
E) reduced urine production

Question 12

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes requires hardly any water for its excretion?

Accepted Answer

A) amino acid 
B) urea 
C) uric acid 
D) ammonia 
E) nitrogen gas 
A) amino acid 
B) urea 
C) uric acid 
D) ammonia 
E) nitrogen gas

Question 13

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

Accepted Answer

A) results from active transport. 
B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. 
C) is very selective as to which subprotein sized molecules are transferred. 
D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus 
E) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells to the Bowman's capsule. 
A) results from active transport. 
B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. 
C) is very selective as to which subprotein sized molecules are transferred. 
D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus 
E) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells to the Bowman's capsule.

Question 14

Which of the following activities would initiate an osmoregulatory adjustment brought about primarily through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Accepted Answer

A) sleeping 
B) spending several hours mowing the lawn on a hot day 
C) eating a bag of potato chips 
D) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni 
E) drinking several glasses of water 
A) sleeping 
B) spending several hours mowing the lawn on a hot day 
C) eating a bag of potato chips 
D) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni 
E) drinking several glasses of water

Question 15

Which of the following is True of ammonia?

Accepted Answer

A) It is soluble in water. 
B) It can be stored as a precipitate. 
C) It has low toxicity relative to urea. 
D) It is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea. 
E) It is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects. 
A) It is soluble in water. 
B) It can be stored as a precipitate. 
C) It has low toxicity relative to urea. 
D) It is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea. 
E) It is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects.

Question 16

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A) filtration 
B) ultrafiltration 
C) selective reabsorption 
D) secretion 
E) active transport 
A) filtration 
B) ultrafiltration 
C) selective reabsorption 
D) secretion 
E) active transport

Question 17

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules accomplishes what important function?

Accepted Answer

A) sorting plasma proteins according to size 
B) converting toxic ammonia to less toxic urea 
C) maintaining a constant pH in body fluids 
D) regulating the speed of blood flow through the nephron 
E) reabsorbing urea to maintain osmotic balance 
A) sorting plasma proteins according to size 
B) converting toxic ammonia to less toxic urea 
C) maintaining a constant pH in body fluids 
D) regulating the speed of blood flow through the nephron 
E) reabsorbing urea to maintain osmotic balance

Question 18

In a laboratory experiment with three groups, one group of people drinks pure water, a second group drinks an equal amount of beer, and a third group drinks an equal amount of concentrated salt solution all during the same time period. Their urine production is monitored for several hours. At the end of the measurement period, which group will have produced the greatest volume of urine and which group the least?

Accepted Answer

A) beer the most, salt solution the least 
B) salt solution the most, water the least 
C) water the most, beer the least 
D) beer the most, water the least 
E) There will be no significant difference between these groups. 
A) beer the most, salt solution the least 
B) salt solution the most, water the least 
C) water the most, beer the least 
D) beer the most, water the least 
E) There will be no significant difference between these groups.

Question 19

Which one of the following is extremely important for water conservation in mammals?

Accepted Answer

A) juxtamedullary nephrons 
B) Bowman's capsule 
C) urethra 
D) podocytes 
E) ureter 
A) juxtamedullary nephrons 
B) Bowman's capsule 
C) urethra 
D) podocytes 
E) ureter

Question 20

Which structure descends deep into the renal medulla only in juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

A) loop of Henle 
B) collecting duct 
C) Bowman's capsule 
D) proximal convoluted tubule 
E) glomerulus 
A) loop of Henle 
B) collecting duct 
C) Bowman's capsule 
D) proximal convoluted tubule 
E) glomerulus

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

A marine sea star was mistakenly placed in freshwater and it died. What is the most likely explanation for its death?

Which of the following mechanisms for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal is correctly paired with its corresponding animal?

Which one of the following, if present in a urine sample, would likely be caused by trauma?

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

Where and from what compound(s)is urea produced?

What is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by birds?

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items. Figure 44.1 -Synthesized by mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes because of its lesser toxicity

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

How does ADH function at the cellular level?

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Which of the following is not a normal response to increased blood osmolarity in humans?

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes requires hardly any water for its excretion?

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

Which of the following activities would initiate an osmoregulatory adjustment brought about primarily through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Which of the following is True of ammonia?

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules accomplishes what important function?

Which one of the following is extremely important for water conservation in mammals?

Which structure descends deep into the renal medulla only in juxtamedullary nephrons?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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