Question 1

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) diffusion of salt from the thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
B) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
C) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
D) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
E) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle. 
A) diffusion of salt from the thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
B) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
C) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
D) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
E) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question 2

The most concentrated urine is excreted by

Accepted Answer

A) frogs. 
B) kangaroo rats. 
C) humans. 
D) desert tortoises. 
E) birds. 
A) frogs. 
B) kangaroo rats. 
C) humans. 
D) desert tortoises. 
E) birds.

Question 3

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items.
   Figure 44.1
-Excreted as a paste by land snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles, because of its solubility and toxicity properties

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following structural formulas to identify...

Question 4

The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

Accepted Answer

A) urea can be exchanged for Na+. 
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia. 
C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. 
D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. 
E) less nitrogen is removed from the body. 
A) urea can be exchanged for Na+. 
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia. 
C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. 
D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. 
E) less nitrogen is removed from the body.

Question 5

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are

Accepted Answer

A) hyperosmotic. 
B) hypoosmotic. 
C) isoosmotic. 
D) hyperosmotic and isoosmotic. 
E) hypoosmotic and isoosmotic. 
A) hyperosmotic. 
B) hypoosmotic. 
C) isoosmotic. 
D) hyperosmotic and isoosmotic. 
E) hypoosmotic and isoosmotic.

Question 6

Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

Accepted Answer

A) a river otter 
B) a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C) a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D) a mouse species living in the desert 
E) a beaver 
A) a river otter 
B) a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C) a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D) a mouse species living in the desert 
E) a beaver

Question 7

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B) Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. 
C) The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. 
D) Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
E) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. 
A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B) Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. 
C) The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. 
D) Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
E) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

Question 8

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

Accepted Answer

A) a marine shark 
B) a salmon in freshwater 
C) a marine bony fish 
D) a freshwater bony fish 
E) a shark inhabiting freshwater Lake Nicaragua 
A) a marine shark 
B) a salmon in freshwater 
C) a marine bony fish 
D) a freshwater bony fish 
E) a shark inhabiting freshwater Lake Nicaragua

Question 9

How do ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

A) ADH monitors osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates blood volume. 
B) ADH monitors appropriate osmolarity by reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating Na+ reabsorption. 
C) ADH an RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS removal of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
D) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone which increases both blood volume and pressure. 
E) Only when they are together in the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, will reabsorption of essential nutrients back into the blood take place. 
A) ADH monitors osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates blood volume. 
B) ADH monitors appropriate osmolarity by reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating Na+ reabsorption. 
C) ADH an RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS removal of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
D) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone which increases both blood volume and pressure. 
E) Only when they are together in the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, will reabsorption of essential nutrients back into the blood take place.

Question 10

What would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages?

Accepted Answer

A) increased aldosterone production 
B) increased blood pressure 
C) inhibition of antidiuretic hormone secretion (ADH) 
D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule 
E) the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity 
A) increased aldosterone production 
B) increased blood pressure 
C) inhibition of antidiuretic hormone secretion (ADH) 
D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule 
E) the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity

Question 11

Which feature of osmoregulation is found in both marine and freshwater bony fish?

Accepted Answer

A) loss of water through the gills 
B) gain of salt through the gills 
C) loss of water in the urine 
D) no drinking of water 
E) gain of water through food 
A) loss of water through the gills 
B) gain of salt through the gills 
C) loss of water in the urine 
D) no drinking of water 
E) gain of water through food

Question 12

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items.
   Figure 44.1
-Excreted mostly by aquatic animals because of its solubility and toxicity properties

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following structural formulas to identify...

Question 13

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

Accepted Answer

A) starch and cellulose. 
B) triglycerides and steroids. 
C) proteins and nucleic acids. 
D) phospholipids and glycolipids. 
E) fatty acids and glycerol. 
A) starch and cellulose. 
B) triglycerides and steroids. 
C) proteins and nucleic acids. 
D) phospholipids and glycolipids. 
E) fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 14

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to sea water. They are therefore considered by many to be osmoconformers because of the unusual way they maintain homeostasis. They osmoregulate by

Accepted Answer

A) using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. 
B) monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. 
C) tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to sea water osmolarity. 
D) synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that speeds salt removal from cells. 
E) possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an unusually high salt concentration. 
A) using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. 
B) monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. 
C) tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to sea water osmolarity. 
D) synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that speeds salt removal from cells. 
E) possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an unusually high salt concentration.

Question 15

Which structure passes urine to the renal pelvis?

Accepted Answer

A) loop of Henle 
B) collecting duct 
C) Bowman's capsule 
D) proximal tubule 
E) glomerulus 
A) loop of Henle 
B) collecting duct 
C) Bowman's capsule 
D) proximal tubule 
E) glomerulus

Question 16

Which of the following is True of urea? It is

Accepted Answer

A) insoluble in water. 
B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia. 
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. 
D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. 
E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates. 
A) insoluble in water. 
B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia. 
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. 
D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. 
E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates.

Question 17

Which of the following excretory systems is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure?

Accepted Answer

A) flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B) protonephridia of rotifers 
C) metanephridia of earthworms 
D) Malpighian tubules of insects 
E) kidneys of vertebrates 
A) flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B) protonephridia of rotifers 
C) metanephridia of earthworms 
D) Malpighian tubules of insects 
E) kidneys of vertebrates

Question 18

Which structure increases the reabsorption of Na+ when stimulated by aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

A) loop of Henle 
B) collecting duct 
C) Bowman's capsule 
D) proximal tubule 
E) distal tubules 
A) loop of Henle 
B) collecting duct 
C) Bowman's capsule 
D) proximal tubule 
E) distal tubules

Question 19

What is unique about transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) They are the largest epithelial cells in the body. 
B) They are not in contact with interstitial fluid. 
C) Their membranes are impermeable to water. 
D) 50% of their cell mass is comprised of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
E) They are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes. 
A) They are the largest epithelial cells in the body. 
B) They are not in contact with interstitial fluid. 
C) Their membranes are impermeable to water. 
D) 50% of their cell mass is comprised of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
E) They are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes.

Question 20

A freshwater fish was accidentally placed in salt water. After several minutes in this saline water, it died. What is the most logical explanation for its death?

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of water by osmosis in cells in vital organs resulting in cell death and eventually organ failure. 
B) Salt diffused into all the fish's cells causing them to swell and, in some cases, lyse. 
C) The kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis. 
D) The gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation. 
E) Brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic environment; death by loss of autonomic function. 
A) Loss of water by osmosis in cells in vital organs resulting in cell death and eventually organ failure. 
B) Salt diffused into all the fish's cells causing them to swell and, in some cases, lyse. 
C) The kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis. 
D) The gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation. 
E) Brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic environment; death by loss of autonomic function.

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

The most concentrated urine is excreted by

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items. Figure 44.1 -Excreted as a paste by land snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles, because of its solubility and toxicity properties

The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are

Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

How do ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis?

What would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages?

Which feature of osmoregulation is found in both marine and freshwater bony fish?

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items. Figure 44.1 -Excreted mostly by aquatic animals because of its solubility and toxicity properties

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to sea water. They are therefore considered by many to be osmoconformers because of the unusual way they maintain homeostasis. They osmoregulate by

Which structure passes urine to the renal pelvis?

Which of the following is True of urea? It is

Which of the following excretory systems is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure?

Which structure increases the reabsorption of Na+ when stimulated by aldosterone?

What is unique about transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle in humans?

A freshwater fish was accidentally placed in salt water. After several minutes in this saline water, it died. What is the most logical explanation for its death?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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