Question 1

Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull.These animals may represent

Accepted Answer

A) the first chordates. 
B) a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates. 
C) early craniates. 
D) marsupials. 
E) nontetrapod gnathostomes. 
A) the first chordates. 
B) a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates. 
C) early craniates. 
D) marsupials. 
E) nontetrapod gnathostomes.

Question 2

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was

Accepted Answer

A) the appearance of jaws. 
B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. 
C) feet with digits. 
D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. 
E) the amniotic egg. 
A) the appearance of jaws. 
B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. 
C) feet with digits. 
D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. 
E) the amniotic egg.

Question 3

What is a key factor in the evolution of jaws that led to the diversification of vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A) enabled the development of the lateral line system 
B) enabled the vertebrates to break food into smaller pieces 
C) allowed the vertebrates to gulp air 
D) enabled vertebrates to feed on a large variety of different foods 
E) increased the complexity of the cranium 
A) enabled the development of the lateral line system 
B) enabled the vertebrates to break food into smaller pieces 
C) allowed the vertebrates to gulp air 
D) enabled vertebrates to feed on a large variety of different foods 
E) increased the complexity of the cranium

Question 4

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form.It has the following characteristics: external armour of bony plates,no paired lateral fins,and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition.In addition to these,it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A) legs 
B) no jaws 
C) an amniotic egg 
D) endothermy 
A) legs 
B) no jaws 
C) an amniotic egg 
D) endothermy

Question 5

Which of the following is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys?

Accepted Answer

A) apes 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates 
A) apes 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates

Question 6

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and,thus,their buoyancy.There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus.The ancestral version is the physostomus version,in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (see the figure above).The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface,taking gulps of air,and directing them into the swim bladder.Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistus version is more derived,and has lost its connection to the esophagus.Instead,gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder.
-The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still

Accepted Answer

A) effectively circulate its blood. 
B) be highly manoeuvrable. 
C) use its lateral line system. 
D) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ. 
E) not sink. 
A) effectively circulate its blood. 
B) be highly manoeuvrable. 
C) use its lateral line system. 
D) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ. 
E) not sink.

Question 7

Lampreys differ from hagfishes in

Accepted Answer

A) lacking jaws. 
B) having a cranium. 
C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits. 
D) having a notochord throughout life. 
E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage. 
A) lacking jaws. 
B) having a cranium. 
C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits. 
D) having a notochord throughout life. 
E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about human evolution is a common misconception?

Accepted Answer

A) Bipedalism evolved early in hominin history. 
B) Brains of hominins were small compared with those of Homo sapiens. 
C) Early hominins evolved from chimpanzees. 
D) Earliest hominins were small in size. 
E) At certain times, several species of hominins coexisted. 
A) Bipedalism evolved early in hominin history. 
B) Brains of hominins were small compared with those of Homo sapiens. 
C) Early hominins evolved from chimpanzees. 
D) Earliest hominins were small in size. 
E) At certain times, several species of hominins coexisted.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Modern humans are the only human species to have evolved on Earth. 
B) Human ancestors were virtually identical to extant chimpanzees. 
C) Human evolution has occurred within an unbranched lineage. 
D) The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved simultaneously. 
E) Fossil evidence indicates that early anthropoids were arboreal and cat-sized. 
A) Modern humans are the only human species to have evolved on Earth. 
B) Human ancestors were virtually identical to extant chimpanzees. 
C) Human evolution has occurred within an unbranched lineage. 
D) The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved simultaneously. 
E) Fossil evidence indicates that early anthropoids were arboreal and cat-sized.

Question 10

Which group's members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

Accepted Answer

A) sharks, skates, and rays 
B) lungfishes 
C) lancelets 
D) amphibians 
E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs 
A) sharks, skates, and rays 
B) lungfishes 
C) lancelets 
D) amphibians 
E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs

Question 11

Which of these species was the first to have some members migrate out of Africa?

Accepted Answer

A) Australopithecus garhi 
B) H) erectus 
C) H) ergaster 
D) H) habilis 
E) H) sapiens 
A) Australopithecus garhi 
B) H) erectus 
C) H) ergaster 
D) H) habilis 
E) H) sapiens

Question 12

Female birds lay their eggs,thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight.Which "strategy" seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal?

Accepted Answer

A) lay shelled eggs 
B) limit litters to a single embryo 
C) refrain from flying throughout pregnancy (about 6 weeks long) 
D) give birth to underdeveloped young, and subsequently carry them in a pouch that has teats 
E) feed multiple embryos internally using placentas 
A) lay shelled eggs 
B) limit litters to a single embryo 
C) refrain from flying throughout pregnancy (about 6 weeks long) 
D) give birth to underdeveloped young, and subsequently carry them in a pouch that has teats 
E) feed multiple embryos internally using placentas

Question 13

Unlike eutherians,both monotremes and marsupials

Accepted Answer

A) lack nipples. 
B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus. 
C) lay eggs. 
D) are found in Australia and Africa. 
A) lack nipples. 
B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus. 
C) lay eggs. 
D) are found in Australia and Africa.

Question 14

In the United States and Canada,bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south,or they hibernate.Recently,those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus,Geomyces destructans (Gd),an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada.Many infected bats have a delicate,white filamentous mat on their muzzles,which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS).The fungus invades the bat tissues,causes discomfort,and awakens the bat from its hibernation.The bat fidgets and wastes calories,using up its stored fat.The bat then behaves abnormally,leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food.Their food,primarily insects,is scarce during the winter,and the bats ultimately starve to death.Since 2007,it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS.
-Gd is a cold-loving fungus.Thus,which characteristics of abnormal bat behaviour can be most expected to favour the growth of this fungus?

Accepted Answer

A) shifting roosting location to the mouth of the cave during winter 
B) searching for food during winter 
C) searching for food during the day 
D) All three of the options listed are correct. 
E) Only two of the options listed are correct. 
A) shifting roosting location to the mouth of the cave during winter 
B) searching for food during winter 
C) searching for food during the day 
D) All three of the options listed are correct. 
E) Only two of the options listed are correct.

Question 15

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

Accepted Answer

A) reproduction 
B) feeding 
C) locomotion 
D) defence 
E) respiration 
A) reproduction 
B) feeding 
C) locomotion 
D) defence 
E) respiration

Question 16

Which of these statements about human evolution is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. 
B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. 
C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. 
D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. 
E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals. 
A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. 
B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. 
C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. 
D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. 
E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals.

Question 17

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

Accepted Answer

A) lampreys 
B) chondrichthyans 
C) ray-finned fishes 
D) lungfishes 
E) placoderms 
A) lampreys 
B) chondrichthyans 
C) ray-finned fishes 
D) lungfishes 
E) placoderms

Question 18

Which characteristic of monotremes is ancestral to amniotes?

Accepted Answer

A) produce milk 
B) have hair 
C) lay eggs 
D) differentiated teeth 
E) are bilaterally symmetrical 
A) produce milk 
B) have hair 
C) lay eggs 
D) differentiated teeth 
E) are bilaterally symmetrical

Question 19

What do all vertebrates have that earlier chordates did not have?

Accepted Answer

A) brain 
B) vertebrae 
C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord 
D) partial or complete skull 
E) bone 
A) brain 
B) vertebrae 
C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord 
D) partial or complete skull 
E) bone

Question 20

Which of these species is currently thought to have coexisted (at the same time and places)with H.neanderthalensis?

Accepted Answer

A) H) erectus 
B) H) ergaster 
C) H) habilis 
D) H) sapiens 
A) H) erectus 
B) H) ergaster 
C) H) habilis 
D) H) sapiens

Exam 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull.These animals may represent

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was

What is a key factor in the evolution of jaws that led to the diversification of vertebrates?

Which of the following is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys?

Lampreys differ from hagfishes in

Which of the following statements about human evolution is a common misconception?

Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct?

Which group's members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

Which of these species was the first to have some members migrate out of Africa?

Female birds lay their eggs,thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight.Which "strategy" seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal?

Unlike eutherians,both monotremes and marsupials

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

Which of these statements about human evolution is correct?

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

Which characteristic of monotremes is ancestral to amniotes?

What do all vertebrates have that earlier chordates did not have?

Which of these species is currently thought to have coexisted (at the same time and places)with H.neanderthalensis?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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