Question 1

Internal fertilization,leathery amniotic egg,and skin that resists drying are characteristics of

Accepted Answer

A) amphibians. 
B) nonbird reptiles. 
C) chondrichthyans. 
D) mammals. 
E) birds. 
A) amphibians. 
B) nonbird reptiles. 
C) chondrichthyans. 
D) mammals. 
E) birds.

Question 2

We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from

Accepted Answer

A) ectoderm. 
B) endoderm. 
C) mesoderm. 
D) mesoglea. 
E) neurectoderm. 
A) ectoderm. 
B) endoderm. 
C) mesoderm. 
D) mesoglea. 
E) neurectoderm.

Question 3

The organisms represented by number 8 are

Accepted Answer

A) birds. 
B) mammals. 
C) nonbird, terrestrial reptiles. 
D) aquatic reptiles. 
E) all mammals except humans. 
A) birds. 
B) mammals. 
C) nonbird, terrestrial reptiles. 
D) aquatic reptiles. 
E) all mammals except humans.

Question 4

To which of the following are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense?

Accepted Answer

A) osteichthyan scales 
B) reptilian scales 
C) mammalian scales 
D) bird scales 
E) chondrichthyan teeth 
A) osteichthyan scales 
B) reptilian scales 
C) mammalian scales 
D) bird scales 
E) chondrichthyan teeth

Question 5

Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"?

Accepted Answer

A) Cenozoic 
B) Mesozoic 
C) Paleozoic 
D) Devonian 
E) Cambrian 
A) Cenozoic 
B) Mesozoic 
C) Paleozoic 
D) Devonian 
E) Cambrian

Question 6

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown below.
  
-Which pair of numbers represents extinct reptiles that had returned to an aquatic life?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 
B) 3 and 4 
C) 5 and 7 
D) 6 and 8 
E) 7 and 9 
A) 1 and 2 
B) 3 and 4 
C) 5 and 7 
D) 6 and 8 
E) 7 and 9

Question 7

The reptile clade includes five,extant groups: tuataras,snakes and lizards,turtles,crocodilians,and birds.When you compare current textbooks with older textbooks,you notice that in older textbooks,birds were not included with reptiles.
-Based on current research data on birds and reptiles,what would be the most obvious reason(s)for the earlier classification?

Accepted Answer

A) Birds are endotherms and the other lineages are ectotherms. 
B) Birds had feathers and could fly. 
C) Birds have no teeth and smaller skulls. 
D) Birds' eggs are very different from reptilian eggs. 
E) Both A and B are correct. 
A) Birds are endotherms and the other lineages are ectotherms. 
B) Birds had feathers and could fly. 
C) Birds have no teeth and smaller skulls. 
D) Birds' eggs are very different from reptilian eggs. 
E) Both A and B are correct.

Question 8

Which feature(s)allow(s)hibernating bats to conserve heat without using calories?

Accepted Answer

A) shivering 
B) fur 
C) fat layer below the skin 
D) All three of the options listed are correct. 
E) Two of the options listed are correct. 
A) shivering 
B) fur 
C) fat layer below the skin 
D) All three of the options listed are correct. 
E) Two of the options listed are correct.

Question 9

Which of these species was the first to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism?

Accepted Answer

A) Australopithecus garhi 
B) H) erectus 
C) H) ergaster 
D) H) habilis 
E) H) sapiens 
A) Australopithecus garhi 
B) H) erectus 
C) H) ergaster 
D) H) habilis 
E) H) sapiens

Question 10

Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the

Accepted Answer

A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. 
B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. 
C) claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. 
D) idea that the first birds were ratites. 
E) hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic. 
A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. 
B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. 
C) claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. 
D) idea that the first birds were ratites. 
E) hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.

Question 11

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

Accepted Answer

A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange. 
B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. 
C) It prolongs embryonic development. 
D) It provides insulation to conserve heat. 
E) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization. 
A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange. 
B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. 
C) It prolongs embryonic development. 
D) It provides insulation to conserve heat. 
E) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.

Question 12

Birds generate a lot of heat,especially during flight.Yet the adipose tissue under their skin and the feathers atop their skin make it difficult to eliminate excess heat across the skin.Which of the following alternatives can absorb body heat and eliminate it from the bird most effectively?

Accepted Answer

A) air in the air sacs 
B) lymph in the lymphatic vessels 
C) blood in the vessels 
D) blood in the heart 
E) urine in the bladder 
A) air in the air sacs 
B) lymph in the lymphatic vessels 
C) blood in the vessels 
D) blood in the heart 
E) urine in the bladder

Question 13

Which shark structure is most analogous to a swim bladder full of gas?

Accepted Answer

A) its lateral line system 
B) its spiral valve 
C) its liver 
D) its dead-end nostrils 
E) its gills 
A) its lateral line system 
B) its spiral valve 
C) its liver 
D) its dead-end nostrils 
E) its gills

Question 14

Which of these species was apparently the first to craft stone tools?

Accepted Answer

A) Australopithecus garhi 
B) H) erectus 
C) H) ergaster 
D) H) habilis 
E) H) sapiens 
A) Australopithecus garhi 
B) H) erectus 
C) H) ergaster 
D) H) habilis 
E) H) sapiens

Question 15

Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones?

Accepted Answer

A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones. 
B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones. 
C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw. 
D) These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos. 
E) Mammals can hear better than reptiles. 
A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones. 
B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones. 
C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw. 
D) These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos. 
E) Mammals can hear better than reptiles.

Question 16

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

Accepted Answer

A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals 
B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles 
C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles 
D) reptiles and mammals 
E) reptiles and amphibians 
A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals 
B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles 
C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles 
D) reptiles and mammals 
E) reptiles and amphibians

Question 17

If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary)in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively,then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?

Accepted Answer

A) its heart 
B) its pectoral fins 
C) its lateral line system 
D) its caudal (tail)fin 
E) its opercula 
A) its heart 
B) its pectoral fins 
C) its lateral line system 
D) its caudal (tail)fin 
E) its opercula

Question 18

There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved

Accepted Answer

A) in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans. 
B) directly from lampreys and hagfish. 
C) early in the Cambrian period. 
D) directly from lancelets. 
E) the swim bladder from a lung. 
A) in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans. 
B) directly from lampreys and hagfish. 
C) early in the Cambrian period. 
D) directly from lancelets. 
E) the swim bladder from a lung.

Question 19

Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

Accepted Answer

A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. 
B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. 
C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. 
D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. 
E) Examine the teeth. 
A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. 
B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. 
C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. 
D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. 
E) Examine the teeth.

Question 20

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

Accepted Answer

A) the shelled, amniotic egg 
B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature 
C) two pairs of appendages 
D) bony scales 
E) a four-chambered heart 
A) the shelled, amniotic egg 
B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature 
C) two pairs of appendages 
D) bony scales 
E) a four-chambered heart

Exam 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Internal fertilization,leathery amniotic egg,and skin that resists drying are characteristics of

We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from

The organisms represented by number 8 are

To which of the following are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense?

Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"?

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown below. -Which pair of numbers represents extinct reptiles that had returned to an aquatic life?

Which feature(s)allow(s)hibernating bats to conserve heat without using calories?

Which of these species was the first to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism?

Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

Birds generate a lot of heat,especially during flight.Yet the adipose tissue under their skin and the feathers atop their skin make it difficult to eliminate excess heat across the skin.Which of the following alternatives can absorb body heat and eliminate it from the bird most effectively?

Which shark structure is most analogous to a swim bladder full of gas?

Which of these species was apparently the first to craft stone tools?

Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones?

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary)in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively,then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?

There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved

Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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