Question 1

Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other,or to other surfaces?
1)capsules
2)endospores
3)fimbriae
4)plasmids
5)flagella

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 2 and 3 
D) 3 and 4 
E) 3 and 5 
A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 2 and 3 
D) 3 and 4 
E) 3 and 5

Question 2

Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A) binary fission 
B) endospore formation 
C) endotoxin release 
D) biofilms 
E) photoautotrophy 
A) binary fission 
B) endospore formation 
C) endotoxin release 
D) biofilms 
E) photoautotrophy

Question 3

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S)ribosomes,but not eukaryotic (80S)ribosomes.Which of these questions stems from this observation,plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins?

Accepted Answer

A) Can chloramphenicol also be used to control human diseases that are caused by archaeans? 
B) Can chloramphenicol pass through the capsules possessed by many cyanobacteria? 
C) If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes? 
D) Why aren't prokaryotic ribosomes identical to eukaryotic ribosomes? 
E) How is translation affected in ribosomes that are targeted by chloramphenicol? 
A) Can chloramphenicol also be used to control human diseases that are caused by archaeans? 
B) Can chloramphenicol pass through the capsules possessed by many cyanobacteria? 
C) If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes? 
D) Why aren't prokaryotic ribosomes identical to eukaryotic ribosomes? 
E) How is translation affected in ribosomes that are targeted by chloramphenicol?

Question 4

The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell.Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A.Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words,a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA).Use this figure to answer the following questions.
  
-What is occurring at Time C that is decreasing the DNA content?

Accepted Answer

A) crossing over 
B) cytokinesis 
C) meiosis 
D) degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's chromosome 
E) reversal of the direction of conjugation 
A) crossing over 
B) cytokinesis 
C) meiosis 
D) degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's chromosome 
E) reversal of the direction of conjugation

Question 5

Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall,which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

Accepted Answer

A) extreme halophiles 
B) extreme thermophiles 
C) methanogens 
D) cyanobacteria 
E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules 
A) extreme halophiles 
B) extreme thermophiles 
C) methanogens 
D) cyanobacteria 
E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules

Question 6

Which question,arising from the results depicted in the above figure,is most interesting from a genetic perspective,and has the greatest potential to increase our knowledge base?

Accepted Answer

A) If reciprocal crossing over could occur even if the piece of donated Hfr DNA were identical to the homologous portion of the recipient's chromosome, what prevents this from occurring? 
B) What forces are generally responsible for disrupting the sex pilus? 
C) How is it that a recipient cell does not necessarily become an Hfr cell as the result of conjugation with an Hfr cell? 
D) What makes a cell an Hfr cell? 
A) If reciprocal crossing over could occur even if the piece of donated Hfr DNA were identical to the homologous portion of the recipient's chromosome, what prevents this from occurring? 
B) What forces are generally responsible for disrupting the sex pilus? 
C) How is it that a recipient cell does not necessarily become an Hfr cell as the result of conjugation with an Hfr cell? 
D) What makes a cell an Hfr cell?

Question 7

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs.These two groups differ in ________.

Accepted Answer

A) their sources of energy 
B) their electron acceptors 
C) their mode of nutrition 
D) the way that they generate ATP 
A) their sources of energy 
B) their electron acceptors 
C) their mode of nutrition 
D) the way that they generate ATP

Question 8

Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from

Accepted Answer

A) transduction. 
B) transformation 
C) conjugation 
D) mutation. 
E) meiosis. 
A) transduction. 
B) transformation 
C) conjugation 
D) mutation. 
E) meiosis.

Question 9

Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution.What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains?

Accepted Answer

A) microscopic examination of staining characteristics of the cell wall 
B) metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas 
C) metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis 
D) genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences 
E) ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments 
A) microscopic examination of staining characteristics of the cell wall 
B) metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas 
C) metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis 
D) genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences 
E) ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments

Question 10

If the vertical axis of the above figure refers to "Darwinian fitness," then which of the following is the most valid and accurate measure of fitness?

Accepted Answer

A) number of daughter cells produced per mother cell per generation 
B) amount of ATP generated per cell per unit time 
C) average swimming speed of cells through the growth medium 
D) amount of glucose synthesized per unit time 
E) number of generations per unit time 
A) number of daughter cells produced per mother cell per generation 
B) amount of ATP generated per cell per unit time 
C) average swimming speed of cells through the growth medium 
D) amount of glucose synthesized per unit time 
E) number of generations per unit time

Question 11

The predatory bacterium,Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus,drills into a prey bacterium and,once inside,digests it.In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering,what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B.bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm?
1)membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide
2)membrane composed mostly of phospholipids
3)peptidoglycan
4)capsule

Accepted Answer

A) 2, 4, 3, 1 
B) 1, 3, 4, 2 
C) 1, 4, 3, 2 
D) 4, 1, 3, 2 
E) 4, 3, 1, 2 
A) 2, 4, 3, 1 
B) 1, 3, 4, 2 
C) 1, 4, 3, 2 
D) 4, 1, 3, 2 
E) 4, 3, 1, 2

Question 12

Match the numbered terms to the description that follows.Choose all appropriate terms.
1)autotroph
2)heterotroph
3)phototroph
4)chemotroph
Description: an organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting prey

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 4 only 
C) 1 and 3 
D) 2 and 4 
E) 1, 3, and 4 
A) 1 only 
B) 4 only 
C) 1 and 3 
D) 2 and 4 
E) 1, 3, and 4

Question 13

Which species is most self-sustaining in terms of obtaining nutrition in environments containing little fixed nitrogen or carbon?

Accepted Answer

A) species A 
B) species B 
C) species C 
D) species D 
E) species E 
A) species A 
B) species B 
C) species C 
D) species D 
E) species E

Question 14

Which of the following statements is not true?

Accepted Answer

A) Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids. 
B) Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles. 
C) The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. 
D) Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA. 
E) Only some archaea use CO₂ to oxidize H₂, releasing methane. 
A) Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids. 
B) Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles. 
C) The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. 
D) Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA. 
E) Only some archaea use CO₂ to oxidize H₂, releasing methane.

Question 15

Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the next few questions.
A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining.It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes,bacteriophages,and dehydration.Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium,even after being mixed with water and boiled.The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics.It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan.
-Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of

Accepted Answer

A) fimbriae. 
B) pili. 
C) a capsule. 
D) a flagellum. 
E) a cell wall with an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. 
A) fimbriae. 
B) pili. 
C) a capsule. 
D) a flagellum. 
E) a cell wall with an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane.

Question 16

Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species?

Accepted Answer

A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) flagellum 
D) cell wall 
E) capsule 
A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) flagellum 
D) cell wall 
E) capsule

Exam 27: Bacteria and Archaea

Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other,or to other surfaces? 1)capsules 2)endospores 3)fimbriae 4)plasmids 5)flagella

Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells?

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S)ribosomes,but not eukaryotic (80S)ribosomes.Which of these questions stems from this observation,plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins?

Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall,which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

Which question,arising from the results depicted in the above figure,is most interesting from a genetic perspective,and has the greatest potential to increase our knowledge base?

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs.These two groups differ in ________.

Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from

Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution.What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains?

If the vertical axis of the above figure refers to "Darwinian fitness," then which of the following is the most valid and accurate measure of fitness?

Match the numbered terms to the description that follows.Choose all appropriate terms. 1)autotroph 2)heterotroph 3)phototroph 4)chemotroph Description: an organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting prey

Which species is most self-sustaining in terms of obtaining nutrition in environments containing little fixed nitrogen or carbon?

Which of the following statements is not true?

Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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