Question 1

The two globin gene clusters split _______ million years ago.

Accepted Answer

A)  approximately 10 
B)  approximately 50 
C)  approximately 100 
D)  approximately 200 
E)  more than 300 
A)  approximately 10 
B)  approximately 50 
C)  approximately 100 
D)  approximately 200 
E)  more than 300

Question 2

In the Rainey and Travisano experiments on Pseudomonas, cells with the "wrinkly spreader" phenotype

Accepted Answer

A)  had a selective advantage under all conditions. 
B)  formed a mat on the surface of the medium in the static cultures. 
C)  had a selective disadvantage under all conditions. 
D)  were genetically the same as the original cells. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  had a selective advantage under all conditions. 
B)  formed a mat on the surface of the medium in the static cultures. 
C)  had a selective disadvantage under all conditions. 
D)  were genetically the same as the original cells. 
E)  None of the above

Question 3

The sequence alignment technique

Accepted Answer

A)  permits comparison of sequences of amino acids in proteins or sequences of nucleotides in DNA. 
B)  enables the detection of deletions and insertions in sequences that are being compared. 
C)  enables the detection of back substitutions and parallel substitutions in sequences that are being compared. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  All of the above 
A)  permits comparison of sequences of amino acids in proteins or sequences of nucleotides in DNA. 
B)  enables the detection of deletions and insertions in sequences that are being compared. 
C)  enables the detection of back substitutions and parallel substitutions in sequences that are being compared. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  All of the above

Question 4

A group of homologous genes with related functions is known as a _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A group of homologous genes with related...

Question 5

The comparison of the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c (see Figure 24.3) from plants to human showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  gaps and/or insertions were required in some cases to optimize the alignment. 
B)  there were very few invariant amino acids in the sequence. 
C)  the least variable regions were at the ends of the molecule. 
D)  there was little change in all parts of the molecule. 
E)  the amino acids with side chains that bind the heme were variable. 
A)  gaps and/or insertions were required in some cases to optimize the alignment. 
B)  there were very few invariant amino acids in the sequence. 
C)  the least variable regions were at the ends of the molecule. 
D)  there was little change in all parts of the molecule. 
E)  the amino acids with side chains that bind the heme were variable.

Question 6

The experiments of Rainey and Travisano with Pseudomonas fluorescens showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  homogeneous environments resulted in adaptive radiation. 
B)  adaptation occurred without genetic change. 
C)  the mutation rates were altered by the environment. 
D)  certain mutations may be beneficial to the bacterium under one condition, but harmful under another. 
E)  it took a long time for adaptation to occur. 
A)  homogeneous environments resulted in adaptive radiation. 
B)  adaptation occurred without genetic change. 
C)  the mutation rates were altered by the environment. 
D)  certain mutations may be beneficial to the bacterium under one condition, but harmful under another. 
E)  it took a long time for adaptation to occur.

Question 7

Gene duplication via the mechanism of polyploidy

Accepted Answer

A)  results in the duplication of the entire genome, apart from extranuclear DNA. 
B)  has occurred in the evolutionary history of many plants. 
C)  is believed not to have occurred in the evolutionary history of any animal groups. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  All of the above 
A)  results in the duplication of the entire genome, apart from extranuclear DNA. 
B)  has occurred in the evolutionary history of many plants. 
C)  is believed not to have occurred in the evolutionary history of any animal groups. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  All of the above

Question 8

Proteins can acquire new functions via

Accepted Answer

A)  retrotransposons. 
B)  gene duplication. 
C)  bioprospecting. 
D)  biased gene conversion. 
E)  concerted evolution. 
A)  retrotransposons. 
B)  gene duplication. 
C)  bioprospecting. 
D)  biased gene conversion. 
E)  concerted evolution.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions:
Suppose the size of a population of marmots is 300.
-Assuming that the mutation rate for a particular gene is $\mu$, the number of new mutations at each gene in this population is _______ $\times$ $\mu$.

Accepted Answer

A)  100 
B)  200 
C)  300 
D)  500 
E)  600 
A)  100 
B)  200 
C)  300 
D)  500 
E)  600

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions:
In a hypothetical experiment, researchers split a bacterial colony in two, allowing each of the new colonies to evolve separately. They then sequenced a gene from colony 1 and colony 2.
-In the common ancestor, the nucleotide at site 167 is T. In colony 1, it changes to C; in colony 2, it remains T. This is an example of a _______ substitution.

Accepted Answer

A)  single 
B)  coincident 
C)  parallel 
D)  back 
E)  multiple 
A)  single 
B)  coincident 
C)  parallel 
D)  back 
E)  multiple

Question 11

How might the proportion of coding to noncoding DNA in the genome of a species be related to the relative importance of natural selection and genetic drift in the evolution of the species?

Accepted Answer

According to one hypothesis, the proport

Question 12

A gene found in E. coli is not found in closely related species of bacteria, but similar genes are found in distantly related bacteria. The most likely explanation for this observation is _______.

Accepted Answer

lateral ge

Question 13

Which of the following would be the strongest evi­dence that most noncoding DNA is slightly deleterious?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species with larger population sizes have more noncoding DNA. 
B)  Species with smaller population sizes have more noncoding DNA. 
C)  Species with larger genomes lose DNA more slowly than those with larger genomes. 
D)  Species with larger genomes lose DNA more quickly than those with smaller genomes. 
E)  There is an inverse relationship between the total amount of DNA in the genome and the percentage of the DNA that is noncoding. 
A)  Species with larger population sizes have more noncoding DNA. 
B)  Species with smaller population sizes have more noncoding DNA. 
C)  Species with larger genomes lose DNA more slowly than those with larger genomes. 
D)  Species with larger genomes lose DNA more quickly than those with smaller genomes. 
E)  There is an inverse relationship between the total amount of DNA in the genome and the percentage of the DNA that is noncoding.

Question 14

Which of the following ranks the organisms correctly in terms of the expected total amount of coding DNA in their genomes (from least coding DNA to most coding DNA)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacterium, single-celled eukaryote, Drosophila, bird 
B)  Bacterium, Drosophila, bird, single-celled eukaryote 
C)  Single-celled eukaryote, bacterium, Drosophila, bird 
D)  Drosophila, single-celled eukaryote, bird, bacterium 
E)  Drosophila, bacterium, single-celled eukaryote, bird 
A)  Bacterium, single-celled eukaryote, Drosophila, bird 
B)  Bacterium, Drosophila, bird, single-celled eukaryote 
C)  Single-celled eukaryote, bacterium, Drosophila, bird 
D)  Drosophila, single-celled eukaryote, bird, bacterium 
E)  Drosophila, bacterium, single-celled eukaryote, bird

Question 15

Genes found in different species whose divergence occurred as a consequence of speciation are known as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Genes found in different species whose divergence...

Question 16

Which of the following is not likely to occur after a gene duplication event?

Accepted Answer

A)  One gene retains its function, while the other becomes a pseudogene. 
B)  Both genes retain their function, but they are expressed in different patterns or tissues. 
C)  Both genes become pseudogenes. 
D)  One gene retains its function, while the other evolves to have a new function. 
E)  All of the above are likely to occur. 
A)  One gene retains its function, while the other becomes a pseudogene. 
B)  Both genes retain their function, but they are expressed in different patterns or tissues. 
C)  Both genes become pseudogenes. 
D)  One gene retains its function, while the other evolves to have a new function. 
E)  All of the above are likely to occur.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about synonymous mutations is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They change the amino acid composition of the protein. 
B)  They can occur because of the redundancy of the genetic code. 
C)  They will affect the structure of the protein. 
D)  They will likely change the activity of the protein. 
E)  They will likely be lethal. 
A)  They change the amino acid composition of the protein. 
B)  They can occur because of the redundancy of the genetic code. 
C)  They will affect the structure of the protein. 
D)  They will likely change the activity of the protein. 
E)  They will likely be lethal.

Question 18

The hypothesis of neutral evolution asserts that

Accepted Answer

A)  the rate of molecular mutation is influenced by natural selection. 
B)  most variability in the structure of molecules does not affect their functioning. 
C)  closely related species have more similar molecular structures than do distantly related species. 
D)  organisms evolved through neutral changes in their molecules. 
E)  mutations neither add nor subtract amino acids from molecules. 
A)  the rate of molecular mutation is influenced by natural selection. 
B)  most variability in the structure of molecules does not affect their functioning. 
C)  closely related species have more similar molecular structures than do distantly related species. 
D)  organisms evolved through neutral changes in their molecules. 
E)  mutations neither add nor subtract amino acids from molecules.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about mutations is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  A silent mutation results in no change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. 
B)  According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution, most substitution mutations are selectively neutral and accumulate through genetic drift. 
C)  A base substitution mutation in the third codon position is more likely to be neutral than a substitution at the first or second codon position. 
D)  Nonsynonymous mutations are virtually always deleterious to the organism. 
E)  The rate of fixation of neutral mutations is equal to the mutation rate and is independent of population size. 
A)  A silent mutation results in no change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. 
B)  According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution, most substitution mutations are selectively neutral and accumulate through genetic drift. 
C)  A base substitution mutation in the third codon position is more likely to be neutral than a substitution at the first or second codon position. 
D)  Nonsynonymous mutations are virtually always deleterious to the organism. 
E)  The rate of fixation of neutral mutations is equal to the mutation rate and is independent of population size.

Question 20

Humans and chimpanzees both have large brains because their common ancestor had a large brain. Thus, their large brain size is considered a(n)_______ trait.

Accepted Answer

A)  analogous 
B)  aligned 
C)  homologous 
D)  coincident 
E)  coordinate 
A)  analogous 
B)  aligned 
C)  homologous 
D)  coincident 
E)  coordinate

Exam 24: Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The two globin gene clusters split _______ million years ago.

In the Rainey and Travisano experiments on Pseudomonas, cells with the "wrinkly spreader" phenotype

The sequence alignment technique

A group of homologous genes with related functions is known as a _______.

The comparison of the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c (see Figure 24.3) from plants to human showed that

The experiments of Rainey and Travisano with Pseudomonas fluorescens showed that

Gene duplication via the mechanism of polyploidy

Proteins can acquire new functions via

Use the following to answer questions: Suppose the size of a population of marmots is 300. -Assuming that the mutation rate for a particular gene is μ\muμ , the number of new mutations at each gene in this population is _______ ×\times× μ\muμ .

How might the proportion of coding to noncoding DNA in the genome of a species be related to the relative importance of natural selection and genetic drift in the evolution of the species?

A gene found in E. coli is not found in closely related species of bacteria, but similar genes are found in distantly related bacteria. The most likely explanation for this observation is _______.

Which of the following would be the strongest evi­dence that most noncoding DNA is slightly deleterious?

Which of the following ranks the organisms correctly in terms of the expected total amount of coding DNA in their genomes (from least coding DNA to most coding DNA)?

Genes found in different species whose divergence occurred as a consequence of speciation are known as _______.

Which of the following is not likely to occur after a gene duplication event?

Which of the following statements about synonymous mutations is true?

The hypothesis of neutral evolution asserts that

Which of the following statements about mutations is false?

Humans and chimpanzees both have large brains because their common ancestor had a large brain. Thus, their large brain size is considered a(n)_______ trait.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Distribution of Life

Population Ecology

Species Interaction and Coevolution

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Conservation Biology

Filters

Use the following to answer questions: Suppose the size of a population of marmots is 300. -Assuming that the mutation rate for a particular gene is $\mu$ , the number of new mutations at each gene in this population is _______ $\times$ $\mu$ .

Which of the following would be the strongest evidence that most noncoding DNA is slightly deleterious?