Question 1

How is one of the mechanisms of concerted evolution related to the pairing of homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

As discussed in Chapter 11, during the s

Question 2

Two species of pine trees differ by a nucleotide substitution in the coding region of a gene, but the proteins produced by this gene are the same in both species. This substitution is thus a _______ substitution.

Accepted Answer

silent (or

Question 3

A neutral mutation

Accepted Answer

A)  is accumulated in small populations more rapidly than in large ones. 
B)  is subject to strong selection. 
C)  confers a selective advantage to an organism. 
D)  is fixed in a population at a rate equal to the mutation rate. 
E)  confers a selective disadvantage to the organism. 
A)  is accumulated in small populations more rapidly than in large ones. 
B)  is subject to strong selection. 
C)  confers a selective advantage to an organism. 
D)  is fixed in a population at a rate equal to the mutation rate. 
E)  confers a selective disadvantage to the organism.

Question 4

Which of the following changes is a transition?

Accepted Answer

A)  A change from A to G 
B)  A change from T to C 
C)  A change from T to G 
D)  A change from C to G 
E)  Both a and b 
A)  A change from A to G 
B)  A change from T to C 
C)  A change from T to G 
D)  A change from C to G 
E)  Both a and b

Question 5

A eukaryotic organism's genome

Accepted Answer

A)  is defined as the genes that code for proteins. 
B)  is all the DNA in the nucleus. 
C)  is all of the genes in the organism. 
D)  is all of the genes as well as noncoding regions of DNA. 
E)  excludes DNA in organelles. 
A)  is defined as the genes that code for proteins. 
B)  is all the DNA in the nucleus. 
C)  is all of the genes in the organism. 
D)  is all of the genes as well as noncoding regions of DNA. 
E)  excludes DNA in organelles.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions :
Sequences of a hypothetical gene that codes for an enzyme were obtained from several species of rodents. Refer to the diagram below, showing the rate of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions for each of four regions of the gene.  
-Which region appears to be under positive selection?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions :
Sequences...

Question 7

A biologist is examining the gene tree of a gene family of hormone receptor proteins. Which of the following should she compare when focusing on changes in function due to gene duplication?

Accepted Answer

A)  Orthologs 
B)  Paralogs 
C)  Analogs 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Orthologs 
B)  Paralogs 
C)  Analogs 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  None of the above

Question 8

Genome size differs widely among different multicellular species of eukaryotes. What is the greatest contributing cause for these differences?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of protein-coding genes 
B)  The amount of noncoding DNA 
C)  The number of duplicated genes 
D)  The degree of concerted evolution 
E)  The amount of positive selection for change in protein-coding genes 
A)  The number of protein-coding genes 
B)  The amount of noncoding DNA 
C)  The number of duplicated genes 
D)  The degree of concerted evolution 
E)  The amount of positive selection for change in protein-coding genes

Question 9

Which of the following usually does not lead to undercounting the real number of substitutions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parallel substitutions 
B)  Back substitutions 
C)  Single substitutions 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Parallel substitutions 
B)  Back substitutions 
C)  Single substitutions 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 10

Suppose the common ancestor of cows and whales had an A at one nucleotide site. At this site, whales have G and cows have T. This would be an example of _______ substitution.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose the common ancestor of cows and...

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions:
In a hypothetical experiment, researchers split a bacterial colony in two, allowing each of the new colonies to evolve separately. They then sequenced a gene from colony 1 and colony 2.
-Detection of which of the following types of substitutions requires knowing the sequence of intermediates between the common ancestor and the descendant colonies, in addition to that of the two colonies and the common ancestor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Coincident substitutions 
B)  Back substitutions 
C)  Multiple substitutions 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  Coincident substitutions 
B)  Back substitutions 
C)  Multiple substitutions 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 12

Mistakes in the replication of DNA

Accepted Answer

A)  occur often. 
B)  are always repaired. 
C)  provide genetic variation. 
D)  are not transmitted to offspring. 
E)  are always deleterious to an organism. 
A)  occur often. 
B)  are always repaired. 
C)  provide genetic variation. 
D)  are not transmitted to offspring. 
E)  are always deleterious to an organism.

Question 13

Many more synonymous than nonsynonymous substitutions have occurred in insects in the gene sevenless, a gene that is involved in eye development. This gene is most likely under _______ selection.

Accepted Answer

purifying

Question 14

In vitro evolution

Accepted Answer

A)  can produce both nucleic acid and protein molecules unknown in living organisms. 
B)  requires many rounds of production of many variant molecules and the selection of those having (or beginning to have) the desired properties. 
C)  often involves techniques and molecules employed in recombinant DNA technology, such as PCR and cDNA. 
D)  Both b and c 
E)  All of the above 
A)  can produce both nucleic acid and protein molecules unknown in living organisms. 
B)  requires many rounds of production of many variant molecules and the selection of those having (or beginning to have) the desired properties. 
C)  often involves techniques and molecules employed in recombinant DNA technology, such as PCR and cDNA. 
D)  Both b and c 
E)  All of the above

Question 15

A higher rate of synonymous relative to nonsynonymous substitutions in a protein-coding gene is expected under

Accepted Answer

A)  purifying selection. 
B)  positive selection. 
C)  neutral evolution. 
D)  concerted evolution. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  purifying selection. 
B)  positive selection. 
C)  neutral evolution. 
D)  concerted evolution. 
E)  None of the above

Question 16

Two species of grasshopper have the same neutral mutation rate for any particular gene, but species A has a population size that is ten times the size of species B. The substitution rate in species A should be about _______ as that of species B.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two species of grasshopper have the same...

Question 17

Gene families are groups of _______ genes that arose by _______ and _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  homologous; speciation; mutation 
B)  heterologous; gene duplication; mutation 
C)  homologous; gene duplication; genetic drift 
D)  heterologous; speciation; genetic drift 
E)  homologous; gene duplication; mutation 
A)  homologous; speciation; mutation 
B)  heterologous; gene duplication; mutation 
C)  homologous; gene duplication; genetic drift 
D)  heterologous; speciation; genetic drift 
E)  homologous; gene duplication; mutation

Question 18

Most emerging diseases are caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  viruses. 
B)  bacteria. 
C)  in vitro evolution. 
D)  concerted evolution. 
E)  annelids. 
A)  viruses. 
B)  bacteria. 
C)  in vitro evolution. 
D)  concerted evolution. 
E)  annelids.

Question 19

In order to estimate the age of the split between the globin gene clusters, scientists examined which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The fossil record 
B)  The molecular clock assumption 
C)  The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  The fossil record 
B)  The molecular clock assumption 
C)  The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 20

Chorion genes are involved in making the eggshells of many species of insects. In some species, the multiple copies of these chorion genes evolved so as to maintain similarity of the copies within the same species. This phenomenon is known as _______ evolution.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chorion genes are involved in making the...

Exam 24: Evolution of Genes and Genomes

How is one of the mechanisms of concerted evolution related to the pairing of homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis?

Two species of pine trees differ by a nucleotide substitution in the coding region of a gene, but the proteins produced by this gene are the same in both species. This substitution is thus a _______ substitution.

A neutral mutation

Which of the following changes is a transition?

A eukaryotic organism's genome

A biologist is examining the gene tree of a gene family of hormone receptor proteins. Which of the following should she compare when focusing on changes in function due to gene duplication?

Genome size differs widely among different multicellular species of eukaryotes. What is the greatest contributing cause for these differences?

Which of the following usually does not lead to undercounting the real number of substitutions?

Suppose the common ancestor of cows and whales had an A at one nucleotide site. At this site, whales have G and cows have T. This would be an example of _______ substitution.

Mistakes in the replication of DNA

Many more synonymous than nonsynonymous substitutions have occurred in insects in the gene sevenless, a gene that is involved in eye development. This gene is most likely under _______ selection.

In vitro evolution

A higher rate of synonymous relative to nonsynonymous substitutions in a protein-coding gene is expected under

Two species of grasshopper have the same neutral mutation rate for any particular gene, but species A has a population size that is ten times the size of species B. The substitution rate in species A should be about _______ as that of species B.

Gene families are groups of _______ genes that arose by _______ and _______.

Most emerging diseases are caused by

In order to estimate the age of the split between the globin gene clusters, scientists examined which of the following?

Chorion genes are involved in making the eggshells of many species of insects. In some species, the multiple copies of these chorion genes evolved so as to maintain similarity of the copies within the same species. This phenomenon is known as _______ evolution.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Distribution of Life

Population Ecology

Species Interaction and Coevolution

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Conservation Biology

Filters

Gene families are groups of ___ genes that arose by _ and _____.