Question 1

Immunological tolerance

Accepted Answer

A)  depends on exposure to an antigen. 
B)  develops late in life and is usually life-threatening. 
C)  disappears at birth. 
D)  results from the activities of the complement system. 
E)  results from DNA splicing. 
A)  depends on exposure to an antigen. 
B)  develops late in life and is usually life-threatening. 
C)  disappears at birth. 
D)  results from the activities of the complement system. 
E)  results from DNA splicing. A

Question 2

Imagine that a particular bacterium has surface molecules that resemble membrane proteins found on the heart valves. What would happen to an individual infected with this bacterium if the infection was not treated?

Accepted Answer

If the bacterial infection was not treated, the individual's immune response to this pathogen would include the secretion of antibodies. Such antibodies could cross-react with the individual's own membrane proteins on the cells of the heart valve, leading to an autoimmune response and possibly heart disease.

Question 3

For which of the following can monoclonal antibodies not be used?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immunoassays 
B)  Immunotherapy 
C)  Treating rattlesnake bites 
D)  HAART treatment 
E)  Treating the early symptoms of rabies 
A)  Immunoassays 
B)  Immunotherapy 
C)  Treating rattlesnake bites 
D)  HAART treatment 
E)  Treating the early symptoms of rabies D

Question 4

Organ transplants are more successful when the donor is a relative of the recipient. Why?

Accepted Answer

Organ transplants are successful if the

Question 5

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mammals have a very large number of antibody genes. 
B)  Different B cells develop slightly different genomes. 
C)  The random pairing of heavy and light chains helps produce antibody diversity. 
D)  Each mature B cell can produce one, and only one, specific type of immunoglobin. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false. 
A)  Mammals have a very large number of antibody genes. 
B)  Different B cells develop slightly different genomes. 
C)  The random pairing of heavy and light chains helps produce antibody diversity. 
D)  Each mature B cell can produce one, and only one, specific type of immunoglobin. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 6

Cytotoxic T cells

Accepted Answer

A)  release cytokines that activate B cells. 
B)  attack pathogens by binding to cell surface antigens on those pathogens. 
C)  destroy pathogens by lysing them. 
D)  destroy host cells that are infected with virus. 
E)  stimulate the classical complement pathway. 
A)  release cytokines that activate B cells. 
B)  attack pathogens by binding to cell surface antigens on those pathogens. 
C)  destroy pathogens by lysing them. 
D)  destroy host cells that are infected with virus. 
E)  stimulate the classical complement pathway.

Question 7

During the _______ phase of the _______ immune response, helper T cells release cytokines, which stimulate the production of a clone of helper T cells with the same specificity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the _______ phase of the _______...

Question 8

Which of the following statements about specific and nonspecific defenses is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Defense systems involve recognition of self from nonself. 
B)  Nonspecific defenses typically act more rapidly than specific defenses. 
C)  Specific defense mechanisms are typically the body's first line of defense. 
D)  The skin is an example of a nonspecific defense. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false. 
A)  Defense systems involve recognition of self from nonself. 
B)  Nonspecific defenses typically act more rapidly than specific defenses. 
C)  Specific defense mechanisms are typically the body's first line of defense. 
D)  The skin is an example of a nonspecific defense. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 9

What aspect of the immune system accounts for the rapid, specific, and diverse nature of the immune response as well as immunological memory and tolerance to self?

Accepted Answer

A)  Class switching 
B)  Cellular immune response 
C)  Clonal selection 
D)  The immune response 
E)  The inflammation response 
A)  Class switching 
B)  Cellular immune response 
C)  Clonal selection 
D)  The immune response 
E)  The inflammation response

Question 10

MHC I proteins

Accepted Answer

A)  are found primarily on immune system cells. 
B)  protect a developing fetus from its mother's immune system. 
C)  are found on the surface of most mammalian cells. 
D)  are important self-identifying labels. 
E)  Both c and d 
A)  are found primarily on immune system cells. 
B)  protect a developing fetus from its mother's immune system. 
C)  are found on the surface of most mammalian cells. 
D)  are important self-identifying labels. 
E)  Both c and d

Question 11

The removal of immature B and T cells is called clonal

Accepted Answer

A)  anergy. 
B)  deletion. 
C)  selection. 
D)  attenuation. 
E)  inactivation. 
A)  anergy. 
B)  deletion. 
C)  selection. 
D)  attenuation. 
E)  inactivation.

Question 12

Defensins, which are toxic to a wide range of pathogens, are produced by

Accepted Answer

A)  lymph nodes. 
B)  mucous membranes. 
C)  bone marrow. 
D)  mast cells. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  lymph nodes. 
B)  mucous membranes. 
C)  bone marrow. 
D)  mast cells. 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

Currently, the most effective drugs to treat HIV are those directed against the two enzymes,

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA polymerase and protein kinase. 
B)  reverse transcriptase and protease. 
C)  pyruvate dehydrogenase and cyclic AMP. 
D)  DNA isomerase and RNA ligase. 
E)  DNA ligase and ribozyme. 
A)  DNA polymerase and protein kinase. 
B)  reverse transcriptase and protease. 
C)  pyruvate dehydrogenase and cyclic AMP. 
D)  DNA isomerase and RNA ligase. 
E)  DNA ligase and ribozyme.

Question 14

T cells mature in

Accepted Answer

A)  the thymus. 
B)  lymph nodes. 
C)  bone marrow. 
D)  the spleen. 
E)  the thoracic duct. 
A)  the thymus. 
B)  lymph nodes. 
C)  bone marrow. 
D)  the spleen. 
E)  the thoracic duct.

Question 15

Which of the following is important in the immune deficiency caused by HIV?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pneumonia infection by bacteria 
B)  Activated TH cell infection by HIV 
C)  Circulating free HIV in blood plasma 
D)  Antibodies made against HIV-infected cells 
E)  Increase in T cells 
A)  Pneumonia infection by bacteria 
B)  Activated TH cell infection by HIV 
C)  Circulating free HIV in blood plasma 
D)  Antibodies made against HIV-infected cells 
E)  Increase in T cells

Question 16

Major histocompatibility proteins function in the immune system by

Accepted Answer

A)  presenting antigens to TC cells. 
B)  presenting antigens to TH helper cells. 
C)  generating antibodies to different pathogens. 
D)  presenting antigen fragments to B cells. 
E)  presenting macrophages to TH cells. 
A)  presenting antigens to TC cells. 
B)  presenting antigens to TH helper cells. 
C)  generating antibodies to different pathogens. 
D)  presenting antigen fragments to B cells. 
E)  presenting macrophages to TH cells.

Question 17

Helper T cells release cytokines after the cell has bound to an antigen-presenting macrophage. Then the T cell starts making a clone of like cells with the same specificity. This occurs in the _______ phase of the _______ immune response.

Accepted Answer

A)  activation; cellular 
B)  activation; humoral 
C)  effector; humoral 
D)  effector; cellular 
E)  responding; cellular 
A)  activation; cellular 
B)  activation; humoral 
C)  effector; humoral 
D)  effector; cellular 
E)  responding; cellular

Question 18

Rheumatoid arthritis usually arises

Accepted Answer

A)  from the overproduction of IgE from mast cells. 
B)  due to difficulty in shutting down the T cell response. 
C)  from the production of antibodies to many cellular components, including DNA and nuclear proteins. 
D)  when B cells lose their ability to become plasma cells. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  from the overproduction of IgE from mast cells. 
B)  due to difficulty in shutting down the T cell response. 
C)  from the production of antibodies to many cellular components, including DNA and nuclear proteins. 
D)  when B cells lose their ability to become plasma cells. 
E)  None of the above

Question 19

Lymphocytes with CD4 or CD8 are both

Accepted Answer

A)  part of the nonspecific immune response. 
B)  helper T cells. 
C)  regulatory T cells. 
D)  capable of producing antibody. 
E)  part of the specific immune response. 
A)  part of the nonspecific immune response. 
B)  helper T cells. 
C)  regulatory T cells. 
D)  capable of producing antibody. 
E)  part of the specific immune response.

Question 20

Vaccinations are effective against an array of different pathogens. How do they work? Why have vaccinations against the HIV virus not been effective in preventing the disease?

Accepted Answer

Vaccinations work against foreign pathog

Exam 42: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Immunological tolerance

Imagine that a particular bacterium has surface molecules that resemble membrane proteins found on the heart valves. What would happen to an individual infected with this bacterium if the infection was not treated?

For which of the following can monoclonal antibodies not be used?

Organ transplants are more successful when the donor is a relative of the recipient. Why?

Which of the following statements is false?

Cytotoxic T cells

During the _______ phase of the _______ immune response, helper T cells release cytokines, which stimulate the production of a clone of helper T cells with the same specificity.

Which of the following statements about specific and nonspecific defenses is false?

What aspect of the immune system accounts for the rapid, specific, and diverse nature of the immune response as well as immunological memory and tolerance to self?

MHC I proteins

The removal of immature B and T cells is called clonal

Defensins, which are toxic to a wide range of pathogens, are produced by

Currently, the most effective drugs to treat HIV are those directed against the two enzymes,

T cells mature in

Which of the following is important in the immune deficiency caused by HIV?

Major histocompatibility proteins function in the immune system by

Helper T cells release cytokines after the cell has bound to an antigen-presenting macrophage. Then the T cell starts making a clone of like cells with the same specificity. This occurs in the _______ phase of the _______ immune response.

Rheumatoid arthritis usually arises

Lymphocytes with CD4 or CD8 are both

Vaccinations are effective against an array of different pathogens. How do they work? Why have vaccinations against the HIV virus not been effective in preventing the disease?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Distribution of Life

Population Ecology

Species Interaction and Coevolution

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Conservation Biology

Filters

During the _ phase of the _ immune response, helper T cells release cytokines, which stimulate the production of a clone of helper T cells with the same specificity.

Helper T cells release cytokines after the cell has bound to an antigen-presenting macrophage. Then the T cell starts making a clone of like cells with the same specificity. This occurs in the _ phase of the _ immune response.