Question 1

The extraordinary diversity of antibodies results in part from

Accepted Answer

A)  the action of monoclonal antibodies. 
B)  the splicing of protein molecules. 
C)  the action of cytotoxic T cells. 
D)  the rearrangement of genes. 
E)  their remarkable nonspecificity. 
A)  the action of monoclonal antibodies. 
B)  the splicing of protein molecules. 
C)  the action of cytotoxic T cells. 
D)  the rearrangement of genes. 
E)  their remarkable nonspecificity.

Question 2

A body's tolerance to its own molecules involves

Accepted Answer

A)  the removal of immature B or T cells that show the potential to mount a response against self antigens. 
B)  the suppression of immune response to self antigens after maturation. 
C)  the presence of CD28 on most cells. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  the removal of immature B or T cells that show the potential to mount a response against self antigens. 
B)  the suppression of immune response to self antigens after maturation. 
C)  the presence of CD28 on most cells. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 3

Binding of a molecule from a pathogen to a receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway. Which is the correct order of events in this pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B, binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, activation of toll receptor, transcription of defense genes 
B)  Binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B, activation of toll receptor, transcription of defense genes 
C)  Activation of toll receptor, phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B, binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, transcription of defense genes 
D)  Activation of toll receptor, binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B, transcription of defense genes 
E)  Binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, activation of toll receptor, transcription of defense genes, phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B 
A)  Phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B, binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, activation of toll receptor, transcription of defense genes 
B)  Binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B, activation of toll receptor, transcription of defense genes 
C)  Activation of toll receptor, phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B, binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, transcription of defense genes 
D)  Activation of toll receptor, binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B, transcription of defense genes 
E)  Binding of NF-$\kappa$B to the promoter, activation of toll receptor, transcription of defense genes, phosphorylation of NF-$\kappa$B

Question 4

The _______ acid in gastric juice is lethal to many pathogens.

Accepted Answer

A)  sulfuric 
B)  carbolic 
C)  hydrochloric 
D)  formic 
E)  protease 
A)  sulfuric 
B)  carbolic 
C)  hydrochloric 
D)  formic 
E)  protease

Question 5

Which of the following is not a granular cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Basophil 
B)  Neutrophil 
C)  B cell 
D)  Mast cell 
E)  Eosinophyl 
A)  Basophil 
B)  Neutrophil 
C)  B cell 
D)  Mast cell 
E)  Eosinophyl

Question 6

Interactions between macrophages and lymphocytes are coordinated by

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies. 
B)  T cell receptors. 
C)  mast cells. 
D)  platelets. 
E)  MHC proteins. 
A)  antibodies. 
B)  T cell receptors. 
C)  mast cells. 
D)  platelets. 
E)  MHC proteins.

Question 7

One V gene, one D gene, and one J gene encode for the _______ region of the _______ chain of a specific antibody.

Accepted Answer

A)  constant; light 
B)  constant; heavy 
C)  specific; light 
D)  specific; heavy 
E)  variable; heavy 
A)  constant; light 
B)  constant; heavy 
C)  specific; light 
D)  specific; heavy 
E)  variable; heavy

Question 8

HIV can be transmitted from person to person in

Accepted Answer

A)  blood. 
B)  semen. 
C)  vaginal fluid. 
D)  breast milk. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  blood. 
B)  semen. 
C)  vaginal fluid. 
D)  breast milk. 
E)  All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is not a feature of the specific immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  The ability to rapidly respond to invaders that trigger toll-like receptors (TLR) 
B)  The ability to distinctly recognize different epitopes that may be found on single antigen 
C)  The ability to respond to an enormous diversity of antigens 
D)  The failure to react to self antigens 
E)  The ability to recognize a previously encountered antigen and respond more powerfully 
A)  The ability to rapidly respond to invaders that trigger toll-like receptors (TLR) 
B)  The ability to distinctly recognize different epitopes that may be found on single antigen 
C)  The ability to respond to an enormous diversity of antigens 
D)  The failure to react to self antigens 
E)  The ability to recognize a previously encountered antigen and respond more powerfully

Question 10

A plasma cell produces IgM molecules that recognize an antigenic determinant on an influenza virus. After several days, the cell begins to produce IgG molecules that recognize the same antigenic determinant. This process is called

Accepted Answer

A)  activation. 
B)  RNA splicing. 
C)  gene mutation. 
D)  class switching. 
E)  autoimmunity. 
A)  activation. 
B)  RNA splicing. 
C)  gene mutation. 
D)  class switching. 
E)  autoimmunity.

Question 11

Inflammation responses sometimes do not remain local; instead, they travel through the bloodstream, a condition known as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Inflammation responses sometimes do not remain local;...

Question 12

The plague of Athens (during the Peloponnesian War) was most likely caused by _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The plague of Athens (during the Peloponnesian...

Question 13

T cells are stimulated by the binding of antigen-MHC complex to its receptors. To be activated, T cells must also receive a second signal and bind with _______ present on certain antigen-presenting cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  cytokines 
B)  another MHC protein 
C)  B7 
D)  CTLA4 
E)  defensin 
A)  cytokines 
B)  another MHC protein 
C)  B7 
D)  CTLA4 
E)  defensin

Question 14

B cells mature in

Accepted Answer

A)  the thymus. 
B)  lymph nodes. 
C)  bone marrow. 
D)  the spleen. 
E)  circulating blood. 
A)  the thymus. 
B)  lymph nodes. 
C)  bone marrow. 
D)  the spleen. 
E)  circulating blood.

Question 15

When a T cell is activated by an antigen, it will most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  secrete antibodies. 
B)  proliferate. 
C)  die. 
D)  become a hybridoma. 
E)  become a plasma cell. 
A)  secrete antibodies. 
B)  proliferate. 
C)  die. 
D)  become a hybridoma. 
E)  become a plasma cell.

Question 16

T cell receptors

Accepted Answer

A)  are the primary receptors for the humoral immune system. 
B)  are carbohydrates. 
C)  cannot function unless the animal has previously encountered the antigen. 
D)  are produced by plasma cells. 
E)  are important in combating viral infections. 
A)  are the primary receptors for the humoral immune system. 
B)  are carbohydrates. 
C)  cannot function unless the animal has previously encountered the antigen. 
D)  are produced by plasma cells. 
E)  are important in combating viral infections.

Question 17

Kaposi's sarcoma and Epstein-Barr-induced lymphoma tumors are examples of _______ associated with AIDS.

Accepted Answer

opportunis

Question 18

Analyze the experiment below. What can you conclude about the effects of toxin from bacteria strain B?

Accepted Answer

A)  Toxin from bacteria strain B is more lethal than that from strain A. 
B)  Toxin from bacteria strain A is more lethal than that from strain B. 
C)  Injection with a sublethal dose of toxin from bacteria strain B provides more benefit than injection with serum from an unexposed animal. 
D)  Toxin from bacteria strain B is equally lethal to that from strain A. 
E)  The diagram provides insufficient information to reach a conclusion about the effects of toxin from bacteria strain B. 
A)  Toxin from bacteria strain B is more lethal than that from strain A. 
B)  Toxin from bacteria strain A is more lethal than that from strain B. 
C)  Injection with a sublethal dose of toxin from bacteria strain B provides more benefit than injection with serum from an unexposed animal. 
D)  Toxin from bacteria strain B is equally lethal to that from strain A. 
E)  The diagram provides insufficient information to reach a conclusion about the effects of toxin from bacteria strain B.

Question 19

The _______ region of an antibody determines its class; the _______ region determines its specificity.

Accepted Answer

A)  constant; specific 
B)  constant; variable 
C)  specific; constant 
D)  specific; variable 
E)  variable; constant 
A)  constant; specific 
B)  constant; variable 
C)  specific; constant 
D)  specific; variable 
E)  variable; constant

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the complement system is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It consists of 20 different proteins. 
B)  It is involved in a cascade of reactions. 
C)  It lyses invading cells. 
D)  It consists of highly folded membranes that capture pathogens. 
E)  It interacts with phagocytes. 
A)  It consists of 20 different proteins. 
B)  It is involved in a cascade of reactions. 
C)  It lyses invading cells. 
D)  It consists of highly folded membranes that capture pathogens. 
E)  It interacts with phagocytes.

Exam 42: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

The extraordinary diversity of antibodies results in part from

A body's tolerance to its own molecules involves

Binding of a molecule from a pathogen to a receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway. Which is the correct order of events in this pathway?

The _______ acid in gastric juice is lethal to many pathogens.

Which of the following is not a granular cell?

Interactions between macrophages and lymphocytes are coordinated by

One V gene, one D gene, and one J gene encode for the _______ region of the _______ chain of a specific antibody.

HIV can be transmitted from person to person in

Which of the following is not a feature of the specific immune response?

A plasma cell produces IgM molecules that recognize an antigenic determinant on an influenza virus. After several days, the cell begins to produce IgG molecules that recognize the same antigenic determinant. This process is called

Inflammation responses sometimes do not remain local; instead, they travel through the bloodstream, a condition known as _______.

The plague of Athens (during the Peloponnesian War) was most likely caused by _______.

T cells are stimulated by the binding of antigen-MHC complex to its receptors. To be activated, T cells must also receive a second signal and bind with _______ present on certain antigen-presenting cells.

B cells mature in

When a T cell is activated by an antigen, it will most likely

T cell receptors

Kaposi's sarcoma and Epstein-Barr-induced lymphoma tumors are examples of _______ associated with AIDS.

Analyze the experiment below. What can you conclude about the effects of toxin from bacteria strain B?

The _______ region of an antibody determines its class; the _______ region determines its specificity.

Which of the following statements about the complement system is false?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

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The Plant Body

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Animal Hormones

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The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

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Gas Exchange in Animals

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Filters

One V gene, one D gene, and one J gene encode for the _ region of the _ chain of a specific antibody.

The _ region of an antibody determines its class; the _ region determines its specificity.