Question 1

Each B cell can produce _______ kind(s) of antibodies.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 to 4 
C)  an average of 6 
D)  more than 20 
E)  None of the above; B cells do not produce antibodies. 
A)  1 
B)  2 to 4 
C)  an average of 6 
D)  more than 20 
E)  None of the above; B cells do not produce antibodies.

Question 2

Class switching occurs as a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  imprecise recombination between the immunoglobin genes. 
B)  clonal anergy. 
C)  clonal deletion. 
D)  genetic deletions in the immunoglobin genes. 
E)  changes in the variable region. 
A)  imprecise recombination between the immunoglobin genes. 
B)  clonal anergy. 
C)  clonal deletion. 
D)  genetic deletions in the immunoglobin genes. 
E)  changes in the variable region.

Question 3

Interferons are produced in response to a _______ infection.

Accepted Answer

A)  viral 
B)  Gram-negative bacterial 
C)  Gram-positive bacterial 
D)  yeast 
E)  spirochete 
A)  viral 
B)  Gram-negative bacterial 
C)  Gram-positive bacterial 
D)  yeast 
E)  spirochete

Question 4

Which of the following pairs are mismatched?

Accepted Answer

A)  Variable region - antigen binding site 
B)  Antibody - immunoglobulin 
C)  Constant region - antigen binding site 
D)  IgE - allergic responses 
E)  Disulfide bonds - join heavy and light chains 
A)  Variable region - antigen binding site 
B)  Antibody - immunoglobulin 
C)  Constant region - antigen binding site 
D)  IgE - allergic responses 
E)  Disulfide bonds - join heavy and light chains

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is little polymorphism at MHC loci in humans. 
B)  T cell receptors recognize antigenic fragments only when they are bound to an MHC molecule. 
C)  Helper T cells have a surface protein that binds to MHC Class II molecules. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  There is little polymorphism at MHC loci in humans. 
B)  T cell receptors recognize antigenic fragments only when they are bound to an MHC molecule. 
C)  Helper T cells have a surface protein that binds to MHC Class II molecules. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 6

Which of the following cells release histamines upon damage?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mast cells 
B)  Basophils 
C)  Macrophages 
D)  Monocytes 
E)  Both a and b 
A)  Mast cells 
B)  Basophils 
C)  Macrophages 
D)  Monocytes 
E)  Both a and b

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the toll cell-signaling pathway is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It was originally discovered in fruit flies, but it has human counterparts. 
B)  It involves phosphorylation of a transcription factor. 
C)  It is stimulated by molecules made only by microbes. 
D)  It is part of the specific immunity response. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false. 
A)  It was originally discovered in fruit flies, but it has human counterparts. 
B)  It involves phosphorylation of a transcription factor. 
C)  It is stimulated by molecules made only by microbes. 
D)  It is part of the specific immunity response. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about red and white blood cells is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mature white blood cells have nuclei and mature red blood cells do not. 
B)  Mature red blood cells have nuclei and mature white blood cells do not. 
C)  The number of white blood cells often rises sharply upon infection. 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  Mature white blood cells have nuclei and mature red blood cells do not. 
B)  Mature red blood cells have nuclei and mature white blood cells do not. 
C)  The number of white blood cells often rises sharply upon infection. 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Both b and c

Question 9

Which of the following does not occur during inflammation and wound healing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamines cause capillaries to constrict. 
B)  Phagocytes engulf bacteria and other dead cells. 
C)  Wound healing begins when signaling molecules stimulate endothelial cell division. 
D)  Some cytokines elevate body temperature. 
E)  All of the above occur. 
A)  Histamines cause capillaries to constrict. 
B)  Phagocytes engulf bacteria and other dead cells. 
C)  Wound healing begins when signaling molecules stimulate endothelial cell division. 
D)  Some cytokines elevate body temperature. 
E)  All of the above occur.

Question 10

Phagocytes kill harmful bacteria by

Accepted Answer

A)  endocytosis. 
B)  producing antibodies. 
C)  complement proteins. 
D)  T cell stimulation. 
E)  inflammation. 
A)  endocytosis. 
B)  producing antibodies. 
C)  complement proteins. 
D)  T cell stimulation. 
E)  inflammation.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a nonspecific defense?

Accepted Answer

A)  The skin 
B)  The normal fauna 
C)  Lysozyme 
D)  Defensins 
E)  All of the above can be used as nonspecific defenses. 
A)  The skin 
B)  The normal fauna 
C)  Lysozyme 
D)  Defensins 
E)  All of the above can be used as nonspecific defenses.

Question 12

The retrovirus HIV specifically destroys helper T cells and thus disrupts the _______ response.

Accepted Answer

A)  humoral immune 
B)  cellular immune 
C)  inflammatory 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c 
A)  humoral immune 
B)  cellular immune 
C)  inflammatory 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c

Question 13

The bacteria and fungi that typically live and reproduce on the skin without causing disease are called

Accepted Answer

A)  microcytes. 
B)  ectocytes. 
C)  pathogens. 
D)  normal flora. 
E)  normal fauna. 
A)  microcytes. 
B)  ectocytes. 
C)  pathogens. 
D)  normal flora. 
E)  normal fauna.

Question 14

You are a lab technician trying to construct a line of cells that secrete a monoclonal antibody. You immunize mice with antigen, isolate B cells from the spleen, and fuse them with myeloma cells. After several weeks of screening and growing cells, you are no closer to a monoclonal antibody cell line, and that several of the cultures that are growing rapidly are not hybridomas. You also find several cultures that are slowly dying. You suspect a problem with your fusion step, so you order new myeloma cells. It is expensive to immunize mice, so you have to pick a few of the cultures to fuse with your new myeloma cells. Which of the following cells would you pick?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rapidly-growing cells 
B)  The slowly-dying cells 
C)  A mix of the rapidly-growing and slowly-dying cells 
D)  Either culture would work, since the problem is with the fusion, not the cells themselves. 
E)  None of the above; you must start the experiment over. 
A)  The rapidly-growing cells 
B)  The slowly-dying cells 
C)  A mix of the rapidly-growing and slowly-dying cells 
D)  Either culture would work, since the problem is with the fusion, not the cells themselves. 
E)  None of the above; you must start the experiment over.

Question 15

Mucous membranes produce small peptides known as _______ that are toxic to numerous pathogens.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mucous membranes produce small peptides known as...

Question 16

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  MHC proteins often act as nonself antigens in transplants between one individual and another. 
B)  MHC proteins play an important role in self-tolerance. 
C)  Developing T cells that fail to recognize the body's own MHC proteins undergo apoptosis in a normally functioning body. 
D)  In transplants of material from one individual to a genetically identical individual, the material is recognized as self and is not rejected. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false. 
A)  MHC proteins often act as nonself antigens in transplants between one individual and another. 
B)  MHC proteins play an important role in self-tolerance. 
C)  Developing T cells that fail to recognize the body's own MHC proteins undergo apoptosis in a normally functioning body. 
D)  In transplants of material from one individual to a genetically identical individual, the material is recognized as self and is not rejected. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 17

Which of the following is not true of helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  They function in the humoral immune response. 
B)  They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules. 
C)  They bear surface CD4 molecules. 
D)  They are subject to infection by HIV. 
E)  When activated, they secrete IL-2 and other cytokines. 
A)  They function in the humoral immune response. 
B)  They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules. 
C)  They bear surface CD4 molecules. 
D)  They are subject to infection by HIV. 
E)  When activated, they secrete IL-2 and other cytokines.

Question 18

Patients with HIV are susceptible to a variety of infections because

Accepted Answer

A)  the virus produces cell surface receptors that bind to pathogens, making it easier for those pathogens to be infective. 
B)  when a DNA copy of the viral genome is synthesized it makes a person feel sick. 
C)  HIV attacks and destroys the T helper cells, which are central to mounting an effective immune response. 
D)  HIV destroys B cells so that antibodies cannot be made in response to invading pathogens. 
E)  HIV mutates the B cells so they cannot make the huge array of antibodies needed for an effective immune response. 
A)  the virus produces cell surface receptors that bind to pathogens, making it easier for those pathogens to be infective. 
B)  when a DNA copy of the viral genome is synthesized it makes a person feel sick. 
C)  HIV attacks and destroys the T helper cells, which are central to mounting an effective immune response. 
D)  HIV destroys B cells so that antibodies cannot be made in response to invading pathogens. 
E)  HIV mutates the B cells so they cannot make the huge array of antibodies needed for an effective immune response.

Question 19

Antibodies are made by

Accepted Answer

A)  T cells. 
B)  Mast cells. 
C)  macrophages. 
D)  B cells. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  T cells. 
B)  Mast cells. 
C)  macrophages. 
D)  B cells. 
E)  All of the above

Question 20

The desensitization treatment for allergies involves injections of small amounts of the allergen: enough to trigger the production of _______, but not enough to trigger the production of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  IgE; IgG 
B)  histamines; IgM 
C)  histamines; IgG 
D)  IgG; IgE 
E)  IgG; IgM 
A)  IgE; IgG 
B)  histamines; IgM 
C)  histamines; IgG 
D)  IgG; IgE 
E)  IgG; IgM

Exam 42: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Each B cell can produce _______ kind(s) of antibodies.

Class switching occurs as a result of

Interferons are produced in response to a _______ infection.

Which of the following pairs are mismatched?

Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following cells release histamines upon damage?

Which of the following statements about the toll cell-signaling pathway is false?

Which of the following statements about red and white blood cells is true?

Which of the following does not occur during inflammation and wound healing?

Phagocytes kill harmful bacteria by

Which of the following is not a nonspecific defense?

The retrovirus HIV specifically destroys helper T cells and thus disrupts the _______ response.

The bacteria and fungi that typically live and reproduce on the skin without causing disease are called

Mucous membranes produce small peptides known as _______ that are toxic to numerous pathogens.

Which of the following statements is false?

Which of the following is not true of helper T cells?

Patients with HIV are susceptible to a variety of infections because

Antibodies are made by

The desensitization treatment for allergies involves injections of small amounts of the allergen: enough to trigger the production of _______, but not enough to trigger the production of _______.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

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Species and Their Formation

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The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

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Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

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The Plant Body

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Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

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Animal Hormones

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The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

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Gas Exchange in Animals

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The desensitization treatment for allergies involves injections of small amounts of the allergen: enough to trigger the production of _, but not enough to trigger the production of _.