Question 1

An advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  provides muscle attachment sites. 
B)  provides protection. 
C)  grows as the animal grows. 
D)  supports the animal's weight. 
E)  gives structure to the animal. 
A)  provides muscle attachment sites. 
B)  provides protection. 
C)  grows as the animal grows. 
D)  supports the animal's weight. 
E)  gives structure to the animal. C

Question 2

Muscles at joints are often arranged in antagonistic pairs of extensors and _______.

Accepted Answer

flexors

Question 3

Haversian systems consist of

Accepted Answer

A)  osteocytes that connect different cavities. 
B)  osteoblasts that will give rise to osteoclasts. 
C)  a meshwork of cancellous bone tissue. 
D)  cylindrical units surrounding a canal of blood vessels. 
E)  a reinforced system of bone that resists fracturing. 
A)  osteocytes that connect different cavities. 
B)  osteoblasts that will give rise to osteoclasts. 
C)  a meshwork of cancellous bone tissue. 
D)  cylindrical units surrounding a canal of blood vessels. 
E)  a reinforced system of bone that resists fracturing. D

Question 4

Salmon returning to spawn in their native stream require extreme endurance for the journey. An examination of the muscles used to perform this activity would show that they

Accepted Answer

A)  have substantial reserves of fuel. 
B)  have low levels of ATPase activity. 
C)  are well-supplied with blood vessels. 
D)  have many mitochondria. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  have substantial reserves of fuel. 
B)  have low levels of ATPase activity. 
C)  are well-supplied with blood vessels. 
D)  have many mitochondria. 
E)  All of the above

Question 5

A sport like marathon running, which is aerobically demanding and requires long endurance, is reliant on _______ fibers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A sport like marathon running, which is...

Question 6

Starting with the arrival of an action potential at the neuromuscular junction, which of the following is the correct order of events?

Accepted Answer

A)  Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubule, and myosin binds actin. 
B)  An action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubule, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myosin binds actin. 
C)  An action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubule, calcium is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myosin binds actin. 
D)  An action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubule, ATP binds to myosin, and myosin binds actin. 
E)  A T tubule is depolarized, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an action potential is created in the muscle cell, and myosin binds actin. 
A)  Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubule, and myosin binds actin. 
B)  An action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubule, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myosin binds actin. 
C)  An action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubule, calcium is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myosin binds actin. 
D)  An action potential travels down the T tubules, depolarization spreads through the T tubule, ATP binds to myosin, and myosin binds actin. 
E)  A T tubule is depolarized, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an action potential is created in the muscle cell, and myosin binds actin.

Question 7

Which of the following events does not occur during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The distance between Z lines increases. 
B)  The sarcomere shortens. 
C)  The H zone is reduced. 
D)  The I band is reduced. 
E)  The area of actin and myosin overlap increases. 
A)  The distance between Z lines increases. 
B)  The sarcomere shortens. 
C)  The H zone is reduced. 
D)  The I band is reduced. 
E)  The area of actin and myosin overlap increases.

Question 8

If an engineer designed a skeletal lever system for maximum power,

Accepted Answer

A)  both the muscle and the load force would be inserted close to the joint. 
B)  both the muscle and the load force would be inserted far from the joint. 
C)  the muscle would be inserted close to the joint and the load would be placed far from the joint. 
D)  the muscle would be inserted far from the joint and the load would be placed close to the joint. 
E)  a large muscle would be used. 
A)  both the muscle and the load force would be inserted close to the joint. 
B)  both the muscle and the load force would be inserted far from the joint. 
C)  the muscle would be inserted close to the joint and the load would be placed far from the joint. 
D)  the muscle would be inserted far from the joint and the load would be placed close to the joint. 
E)  a large muscle would be used.

Question 9

Smooth muscle contracts involuntarily in the digestive tract, blood vessels, and urinary bladder. Describe the two main ways that smooth muscle contraction and the membrane potential of smooth muscle are controlled.

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle is sensitive to stretching

Question 10

Insect flight muscles can contract up to _______ times per second.

Accepted Answer

A)  5 
B)  50 
C)  100 
D)  500 
E)  1,000 
A)  5 
B)  50 
C)  100 
D)  500 
E)  1,000

Question 11

A soccer player who has suffered a knee injury that damages the tissue holding his upper and lower leg bones together has most likely damaged _______ tissue

Accepted Answer

A)  muscle 
B)  tendon 
C)  ligament 
D)  cartilage 
E)  membrane 
A)  muscle 
B)  tendon 
C)  ligament 
D)  cartilage 
E)  membrane

Question 12

The role of Ca2+ in the control of muscle contraction is to

Accepted Answer

A)  cause depolarization of the T tubule system. 
B)  change the conformation of troponin, thus exposing myosin-binding sites. 
C)  change the conformation of myosin heads, thus causing microfilaments to slide past each other. 
D)  bind to tropomyosin and break actin-myosin cross-bridges. 
E)  block the ATP-binding site on myosin heads, enabling muscles to relax. 
A)  cause depolarization of the T tubule system. 
B)  change the conformation of troponin, thus exposing myosin-binding sites. 
C)  change the conformation of myosin heads, thus causing microfilaments to slide past each other. 
D)  bind to tropomyosin and break actin-myosin cross-bridges. 
E)  block the ATP-binding site on myosin heads, enabling muscles to relax.

Question 13

The resting potential of smooth muscle cells is

Accepted Answer

A)  not likely to fire action potentials. 
B)  affected by the stretching of the cells. 
C)  more negative than in most cells. 
D)  unaffected by nearby potential change. 
E)  nearly zero. 
A)  not likely to fire action potentials. 
B)  affected by the stretching of the cells. 
C)  more negative than in most cells. 
D)  unaffected by nearby potential change. 
E)  nearly zero.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the growth of long bones is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ossification starts at the center of long bones. 
B)  Elongation occurs at epiphyseal plates. 
C)  Secondary sites of ossification occur at the ends of long bones. 
D)  Long bones begin as cartilaginous bones. 
E)  Long bones form as scaffolding on a connective tissue membrane. 
A)  Ossification starts at the center of long bones. 
B)  Elongation occurs at epiphyseal plates. 
C)  Secondary sites of ossification occur at the ends of long bones. 
D)  Long bones begin as cartilaginous bones. 
E)  Long bones form as scaffolding on a connective tissue membrane.

Question 15

Wild turkeys have breast muscles that are capable of explosively fast flight, but only for short distances. These muscles

Accepted Answer

A)  fuel their rapid flight with high levels of mitochondria. 
B)  have surprisingly low rates of ATPase activity. 
C)  are fast-twitch muscles. 
D)  are slow-twitch muscles. 
E)  have substantial reserves of glycogen. 
A)  fuel their rapid flight with high levels of mitochondria. 
B)  have surprisingly low rates of ATPase activity. 
C)  are fast-twitch muscles. 
D)  are slow-twitch muscles. 
E)  have substantial reserves of glycogen.

Question 16

The legs of cross-country skiers and long-distance runners are likely to have

Accepted Answer

A)  almost all slow-twitch fibers. 
B)  almost all fast-twitch fibers. 
C)  about the same number of slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers. 
D)  more slow-twitch fibers. 
E)  more fast-twitch fibers. 
A)  almost all slow-twitch fibers. 
B)  almost all fast-twitch fibers. 
C)  about the same number of slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers. 
D)  more slow-twitch fibers. 
E)  more fast-twitch fibers.

Question 17

Which of the following is a feature of cardiac muscle that helps the heart withstand high pressures without tearing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Branching and intertwined fibers 
B)  Fibers arranged in parallel 
C)  A single nucleus possessed by each fiber 
D)  Gap junctions between fibers 
E)  The pacemaking functions of some fibers 
A)  Branching and intertwined fibers 
B)  Fibers arranged in parallel 
C)  A single nucleus possessed by each fiber 
D)  Gap junctions between fibers 
E)  The pacemaking functions of some fibers

Question 18

Muscle performance depends on a supply of

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP. 
B)  ADP. 
C)  oxygen. 
D)  calcium ions. 
E)  carbon dioxide. 
A)  ATP. 
B)  ADP. 
C)  oxygen. 
D)  calcium ions. 
E)  carbon dioxide.

Question 19

Refer to the diagram below of a sarcomere. Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Structure 1 consists of two chains made of monomers. 
B)  Structure 1 shortens in length as contraction occurs. 
C)  Structure 2 has a head that hydrolyzes ATP. 
D)  Structure 3 shortens in length as contraction occurs. 
E)  Structure 4 shortens in length as contraction occurs. 
A)  Structure 1 consists of two chains made of monomers. 
B)  Structure 1 shortens in length as contraction occurs. 
C)  Structure 2 has a head that hydrolyzes ATP. 
D)  Structure 3 shortens in length as contraction occurs. 
E)  Structure 4 shortens in length as contraction occurs.

Question 20

The movement of muscle is due to the

Accepted Answer

A)  polymerization and depolymerization of tubulin. 
B)  making and breaking of cross-bridges between actin and myosin. 
C)  contractions of microtubules. 
D)  changes in conformation of dynein molecules. 
E)  use of ATP by spokes of the axoneme to contract. 
A)  polymerization and depolymerization of tubulin. 
B)  making and breaking of cross-bridges between actin and myosin. 
C)  contractions of microtubules. 
D)  changes in conformation of dynein molecules. 
E)  use of ATP by spokes of the axoneme to contract.

Exam 48: Musculoskeletal Systems

An advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that it

Muscles at joints are often arranged in antagonistic pairs of extensors and _______.

Haversian systems consist of

Salmon returning to spawn in their native stream require extreme endurance for the journey. An examination of the muscles used to perform this activity would show that they

A sport like marathon running, which is aerobically demanding and requires long endurance, is reliant on _______ fibers.

Starting with the arrival of an action potential at the neuromuscular junction, which of the following is the correct order of events?

Which of the following events does not occur during muscle contraction?

If an engineer designed a skeletal lever system for maximum power,

Smooth muscle contracts involuntarily in the digestive tract, blood vessels, and urinary bladder. Describe the two main ways that smooth muscle contraction and the membrane potential of smooth muscle are controlled.

Insect flight muscles can contract up to _______ times per second.

A soccer player who has suffered a knee injury that damages the tissue holding his upper and lower leg bones together has most likely damaged _______ tissue

The role of Ca2+ in the control of muscle contraction is to

The resting potential of smooth muscle cells is

Which of the following statements about the growth of long bones is false?

Wild turkeys have breast muscles that are capable of explosively fast flight, but only for short distances. These muscles

The legs of cross-country skiers and long-distance runners are likely to have

Which of the following is a feature of cardiac muscle that helps the heart withstand high pressures without tearing?

Muscle performance depends on a supply of

Refer to the diagram below of a sarcomere. Which of the following statements is false?

The movement of muscle is due to the

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The role of Ca²⁺ in the control of muscle contraction is to