Question 1

The rate of fixation of neutral mutations is

Accepted Answer

A)  independent of population size. 
B)  higher in small populations than in large populations. 
C)  higher in large populations than in small populations. 
D)  slower than the rate of fixation of deleterious mutations. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  independent of population size. 
B)  higher in small populations than in large populations. 
C)  higher in large populations than in small populations. 
D)  slower than the rate of fixation of deleterious mutations. 
E)  None of the above

Question 2

Gene duplication can

Accepted Answer

A)  occur by duplication of an entire diploid genome. 
B)  result in the formation of pseudogenes. 
C)  result in genes that are lost from the genome. 
D)  lead to the evolution of genes that code for proteins with new functions. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  occur by duplication of an entire diploid genome. 
B)  result in the formation of pseudogenes. 
C)  result in genes that are lost from the genome. 
D)  lead to the evolution of genes that code for proteins with new functions. 
E)  All of the above

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions:
Suppose the size of a population of marmots is 300.
-According to genetic drift theory, what is the probability that a newly arisen mutation will become fixed in this population?

Accepted Answer

A)  1/100 
B)  1/300 
C)  1/600 
D)  1/1,200 
E)  None of the above 
A)  1/100 
B)  1/300 
C)  1/600 
D)  1/1,200 
E)  None of the above

Question 4

Researchers suspect that the gene FOXP2, which is involved in speech and cognition, has been under positive selection in the human lineage. Which of the following would provide the strongest support for such a claim?

Accepted Answer

A)  The gene shows evidence of bioprospecting. 
B)  There is a higher rate of nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous ones. 
C)  There is a lower rate of nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous ones. 
D)  The gene evolves following the molecular clock. 
E)  There have been more transitions than transversions in the gene. 
A)  The gene shows evidence of bioprospecting. 
B)  There is a higher rate of nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous ones. 
C)  There is a lower rate of nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous ones. 
D)  The gene evolves following the molecular clock. 
E)  There have been more transitions than transversions in the gene.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about nonsynonymous substitutions is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They always affect the protein's shape and charge. 
B)  They occasionally confer a selective advantage to the organism. 
C)  The rate of their evolution is roughly the same among different genes. 
D)  They are unlikely to be influenced by natural selection. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  They always affect the protein's shape and charge. 
B)  They occasionally confer a selective advantage to the organism. 
C)  The rate of their evolution is roughly the same among different genes. 
D)  They are unlikely to be influenced by natural selection. 
E)  All of the above

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions:
In a hypothetical experiment, researchers split a bacterial colony in two, allowing each of the new colonies to evolve separately. They then sequenced a gene from colony 1 and colony 2.
-In the common ancestor, the nucleotide at site 56 is A. In colony 1, it changes to C; in colony 2, it changes to T. This is an example of a _______ substitution.

Accepted Answer

A)  single 
B)  coincident 
C)  parallel 
D)  back 
E)  multiple 
A)  single 
B)  coincident 
C)  parallel 
D)  back 
E)  multiple

Question 7

Genomes consist of

Accepted Answer

A)  protein-coding genes only. 
B)  protein-coding genes and regulatory sequences. 
C)  protein-coding genes and noncoding DNA. 
D)  protein-coding genes, regulatory sequences, and noncoding DNA. 
E)  regulatory sequences and noncoding DNA. 
A)  protein-coding genes only. 
B)  protein-coding genes and regulatory sequences. 
C)  protein-coding genes and noncoding DNA. 
D)  protein-coding genes, regulatory sequences, and noncoding DNA. 
E)  regulatory sequences and noncoding DNA.

Question 8

Which of the following would be the least likely result of gene duplication?

Accepted Answer

A)  The gene produces less of its product than it did before duplication. 
B)  The two copies of the gene are expressed at different stages in the development of the organism. 
C)  As a result of evolutionary divergence, one copy retains its original function, and the other copy acquires a different function. 
D)  One copy remains functional, and the other copy evolves into a functionless pseudogene. 
E)  All of the above are about equally likely results. 
A)  The gene produces less of its product than it did before duplication. 
B)  The two copies of the gene are expressed at different stages in the development of the organism. 
C)  As a result of evolutionary divergence, one copy retains its original function, and the other copy acquires a different function. 
D)  One copy remains functional, and the other copy evolves into a functionless pseudogene. 
E)  All of the above are about equally likely results.

Question 9

According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution,

Accepted Answer

A)  most alleles found in natural populations are neutral. 
B)  nearly all mutations have some effect on the organism. 
C)  the rate of fixation of neutral mutations is much faster in small populations than it is in large ones. 
D)  molecular clocks do not work. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  most alleles found in natural populations are neutral. 
B)  nearly all mutations have some effect on the organism. 
C)  the rate of fixation of neutral mutations is much faster in small populations than it is in large ones. 
D)  molecular clocks do not work. 
E)  None of the above

Question 10

Fish use high-voltage discharges

Accepted Answer

A)  to locate prey. 
B)  to communicate with other individuals. 
C)  to stun prey. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  to locate prey. 
B)  to communicate with other individuals. 
C)  to stun prey. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 11

Compare in vitro evolution with molecular evolution in organisms.

Accepted Answer

Variation and selection are involved in

Question 12

Histones are proteins that play important roles in gene regulation. Between plants and animals, only two amino acid changes have occurred in the histone H4 protein, despite many synonymous changes. What can we infer from this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  A great deal of genetic drift is taking place. 
B)  Most of the amino acid changes are neutral. 
C)  Strong stabilizing selection is acting on this gene. 
D)  Strong selection for change is acting on this gene. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  A great deal of genetic drift is taking place. 
B)  Most of the amino acid changes are neutral. 
C)  Strong stabilizing selection is acting on this gene. 
D)  Strong selection for change is acting on this gene. 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

Genes from many isolates of the influenza virus have been sequenced. In certain regions of the genome, nonsynonymous substitutions occur much more frequently than do synonymous substitutions. What can we infer from this pattern?

Accepted Answer

A)  A great deal of genetic drift is taking place. 
B)  Most of the amino acid changes are neutral. 
C)  Strong stabilizing selection is acting on this gene. 
D)  Strong selection for change is acting on this gene. 
E)  Mutations that change the amino acid are ­disadvantageous. 
A)  A great deal of genetic drift is taking place. 
B)  Most of the amino acid changes are neutral. 
C)  Strong stabilizing selection is acting on this gene. 
D)  Strong selection for change is acting on this gene. 
E)  Mutations that change the amino acid are ­disadvantageous.

Question 14

The primary function of ribosomal RNA genes is

Accepted Answer

A)  to carry oxygen. 
B)  protein synthesis. 
C)  DNA preservation. 
D)  to act as transcription factors regulating development. 
E)  lateral gene transfer. 
A)  to carry oxygen. 
B)  protein synthesis. 
C)  DNA preservation. 
D)  to act as transcription factors regulating development. 
E)  lateral gene transfer.

Question 15

The globin genes are an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  retrotransposons. 
B)  a gene family. 
C)  a gene tree. 
D)  synonymous genes. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  retrotransposons. 
B)  a gene family. 
C)  a gene tree. 
D)  synonymous genes. 
E)  None of the above

Question 16

The entire set of genes of an organism, along with all of its noncoding DNA, is known as its _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The entire set of genes of an...

Question 17

The table below shows the amino acid sequences for an eight-residue section of a small protein for five different species (1-5).   Complete the following similarity matrix using these sequences:   Which species differ from Species 1 because of an amino acid insertion?
Which species differ from Species 1 because of amino acid substitutions?

Accepted Answer

@#IMG-DLM& Species 2 shows an amino acid

Question 18

Some birds have an enlarged esophageal chamber called a

Accepted Answer

A)  hoatzin. 
B)  crop. 
C)  tranversion. 
D)  locazen. 
E)  vulva. 
A)  hoatzin. 
B)  crop. 
C)  tranversion. 
D)  locazen. 
E)  vulva.

Question 19

In vitro evolution

Accepted Answer

A)  refers to the use of bacteria to study evolution. 
B)  refers to the effects of genes manipulated in vitro on evolution. 
C)  is the synthesis of macromolecules with particular properties based on principles of molecular evolution. 
D)  uses natural selection. 
E)  only works for proteins. 
A)  refers to the use of bacteria to study evolution. 
B)  refers to the effects of genes manipulated in vitro on evolution. 
C)  is the synthesis of macromolecules with particular properties based on principles of molecular evolution. 
D)  uses natural selection. 
E)  only works for proteins.

Question 20

Which of the following are foregut fermenters?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lemurs 
B)  Langurs 
C)  Cattle 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  Lemurs 
B)  Langurs 
C)  Cattle 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Exam 24: Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The rate of fixation of neutral mutations is

Gene duplication can

Use the following to answer questions: Suppose the size of a population of marmots is 300. -According to genetic drift theory, what is the probability that a newly arisen mutation will become fixed in this population?

Researchers suspect that the gene FOXP2, which is involved in speech and cognition, has been under positive selection in the human lineage. Which of the following would provide the strongest support for such a claim?

Which of the following statements about nonsynonymous substitutions is true?

Genomes consist of

Which of the following would be the least likely result of gene duplication?

According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution,

Fish use high-voltage discharges

Compare in vitro evolution with molecular evolution in organisms.

Histones are proteins that play important roles in gene regulation. Between plants and animals, only two amino acid changes have occurred in the histone H4 protein, despite many synonymous changes. What can we infer from this observation?

Genes from many isolates of the influenza virus have been sequenced. In certain regions of the genome, nonsynonymous substitutions occur much more frequently than do synonymous substitutions. What can we infer from this pattern?

The primary function of ribosomal RNA genes is

The globin genes are an example of

The entire set of genes of an organism, along with all of its noncoding DNA, is known as its _______.

Some birds have an enlarged esophageal chamber called a

In vitro evolution

Which of the following are foregut fermenters?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Distribution of Life

Population Ecology

Species Interaction and Coevolution

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