Question 1

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B) antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C) the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D) A and B only 
E) A, B, and C 
A) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B) antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C) the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D) A and B only 
E) A, B, and C

Question 2

Which of the following differentiates T cells and B cells?

Accepted Answer

A) T cells but not B cells are stimulated to increase the rate of their cell cycles. 
B) Only B cells are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow. 
C) T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens. 
D) T cells but not B cells have surface markers. 
E) Only B cells take part in cell-mediated immunity. 
A) T cells but not B cells are stimulated to increase the rate of their cell cycles. 
B) Only B cells are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow. 
C) T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens. 
D) T cells but not B cells have surface markers. 
E) Only B cells take part in cell-mediated immunity.

Question 3

Use the information below as background for the following questions.
Immunodeficiencies may be genetic in origin. Two examples of these are Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton's results in underdeveloped B cells, while DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus.
-A child is diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). With which of the following would the child have serious immunological problems?

Accepted Answer

A) production of antibodies 
B) rate of mitosis in plasma cells 
C) response to infection by a bacterium such as streptococcus 
D) response to infection by a virus such as influenza 
E) response to allergens such as bee venom 
A) production of antibodies 
B) rate of mitosis in plasma cells 
C) response to infection by a bacterium such as streptococcus 
D) response to infection by a virus such as influenza 
E) response to allergens such as bee venom

Question 4

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, and she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick.
-Her immune system's recognition of this infection will involve which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) helper T cells 
B) memory B cells 
C) plasma cells 
D) cytotoxic T cells 
E) natural killer cells 
A) helper T cells 
B) memory B cells 
C) plasma cells 
D) cytotoxic T cells 
E) natural killer cells

Question 5

Which of the following is True of the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A) It is dependent on the surface antigens of the pathogen not changing. 
B) It requires a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies. 
C) It is not possible without knowing the structure of the surface antigens on the pathogen. 
D) It is dependent on the pathogen having only one epitope. 
E) It is dependent on MHC molecules being heterozygous. 
A) It is dependent on the surface antigens of the pathogen not changing. 
B) It requires a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies. 
C) It is not possible without knowing the structure of the surface antigens on the pathogen. 
D) It is dependent on the pathogen having only one epitope. 
E) It is dependent on MHC molecules being heterozygous.

Question 6

Use the graph in Figure 43.1 to answer the following questions.
   
Figure 43.1
-When would B cells produce effector cells?

Accepted Answer

A) between 0 and 7 days 
B) between 7 and 14 days 
C) between 28 and 35 days 
D) A and B 
E) A and C 
A) between 0 and 7 days 
B) between 7 and 14 days 
C) between 28 and 35 days 
D) A and B 
E) A and C

Question 7

A bacterium entering the body through a small cut in the skin will do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) inactivate the erythrocytes 
B) stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells 
C) stimulate release of interferons 
D) stimulate natural killer cell activity 
E) activate a group of proteins called complement 
A) inactivate the erythrocytes 
B) stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells 
C) stimulate release of interferons 
D) stimulate natural killer cell activity 
E) activate a group of proteins called complement

Question 8

In which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated?

Accepted Answer

A) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell 
B) when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines 
C) when natural killer (NK)cells come in contact with a tumor cell 
D) in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test 
E) when B cells respond to T-independent antigens 
A) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell 
B) when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines 
C) when natural killer (NK)cells come in contact with a tumor cell 
D) in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test 
E) when B cells respond to T-independent antigens

Question 9

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, and she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick.
-A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to

Accepted Answer

A) respond to T-independent antigens. 
B) lyse tumor cells. 
C) stimulate a cytotoxic T cell. 
D) interact with a class I MHC-antigen complex. 
E) interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex. 
A) respond to T-independent antigens. 
B) lyse tumor cells. 
C) stimulate a cytotoxic T cell. 
D) interact with a class I MHC-antigen complex. 
E) interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex.

Question 10

Use the information below as background for the following questions.
Immunodeficiencies may be genetic in origin. Two examples of these are Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton's results in underdeveloped B cells, while DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus.
-Some viruses can undergo latency, the ability to remain inactive for some period of time. Which of the following is an example?

Accepted Answer

A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years 
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital)whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host 
C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS, but rarely in those not infected by HIV 
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives 
E) myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that blocks muscle contraction from time to time 
A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years 
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital)whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host 
C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS, but rarely in those not infected by HIV 
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives 
E) myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that blocks muscle contraction from time to time

Question 11

Use the information below as background for the following questions.
Immunodeficiencies may be genetic in origin. Two examples of these are Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton's results in underdeveloped B cells, while DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus.
-What aspect of the immune response would a patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have in common?

Accepted Answer

A) Both patients would have an increase in cytotoxic T cell number. 
B) Both patients would suffer from anaphylactic shock. 
C) Both patients would risk development of an autoimmune disease. 
D) Both patients would be suffering from a decreased level of innate immunity. 
E) Both patients would have increased levels of IgE. 
A) Both patients would have an increase in cytotoxic T cell number. 
B) Both patients would suffer from anaphylactic shock. 
C) Both patients would risk development of an autoimmune disease. 
D) Both patients would be suffering from a decreased level of innate immunity. 
E) Both patients would have increased levels of IgE.

Question 12

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-Which of the following is the most likely reason that ancient peoples sought to identify inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A) Seeing such signs would be cause for their seeking out a healer in their community. 
B) Presence of the signs of inflammation in a patient could be a condemnation of the healer. 
C) The ancients probably knew of plant derivatives that could reduce the pain of inflammation. 
D) If these signs were present, they would know that healing was taking place; otherwise the patient would likely die. 
E) The signs of inflammation served as a caution to keep people away from the patient. 
A) Seeing such signs would be cause for their seeking out a healer in their community. 
B) Presence of the signs of inflammation in a patient could be a condemnation of the healer. 
C) The ancients probably knew of plant derivatives that could reduce the pain of inflammation. 
D) If these signs were present, they would know that healing was taking place; otherwise the patient would likely die. 
E) The signs of inflammation served as a caution to keep people away from the patient.

Question 13

Use the information below as background for the following questions.
Immunodeficiencies may be genetic in origin. Two examples of these are Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton's results in underdeveloped B cells, while DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus.
-A patient reports severe symptoms of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift. A reasonable initial treatment would involve the use of

Accepted Answer

A) a vaccine. 
B) complement. 
C) sterile pollen. 
D) antihistamines. 
E) monoclonal antibodies. 
A) a vaccine. 
B) complement. 
C) sterile pollen. 
D) antihistamines. 
E) monoclonal antibodies.

Question 14

What accounts for antibody switching (i.e., the switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen)?

Accepted Answer

A) mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen 
B) the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells 
C) a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response 
D) a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells 
E) the shuffling of exons for one C region type to another attached to the V-J transcript 
A) mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen 
B) the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells 
C) a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response 
D) a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells 
E) the shuffling of exons for one C region type to another attached to the V-J transcript

Question 15

Both the eye and the respiratory tract are protected against infections by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) the mucous membranes that cover their surface 
B) the secretion of complement proteins 
C) the release of slightly acidic secretions 
D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surface 
E) interferons produced by immune cells 
A) the mucous membranes that cover their surface 
B) the secretion of complement proteins 
C) the release of slightly acidic secretions 
D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surface 
E) interferons produced by immune cells

Question 16

Use the graph in Figure 43.1 to answer the following questions.
   
Figure 43.1
-When would memory cells be produced?

Accepted Answer

A) between 0 and 7 days 
B) between 7 and 14 days 
C) between 28 and 35 days 
D) between 35 and 42 days 
E) both A and C 
A) between 0 and 7 days 
B) between 7 and 14 days 
C) between 28 and 35 days 
D) between 35 and 42 days 
E) both A and C

Question 17

How do people contract salmonella poisoning?

Accepted Answer

A) The microbe can survive the acidic environment of the stomach and resist lysosomal degradation in macrophages. 
B) The chemotactic messengers released by the salmonella bacterium do not attract sufficient neutrophils to entirely destroy the infection. 
C) There is a delay in selection of the population of eosinophils that recognize and are responsible for fighting these bacterial infections. 
D) The bacterium releases chemical messengers that make it resistant to phagocytosis. 
E) The combination of foods eaten at the meal reduces the pH of the stomach sufficiently so that the bacterium was not destroyed. 
A) The microbe can survive the acidic environment of the stomach and resist lysosomal degradation in macrophages. 
B) The chemotactic messengers released by the salmonella bacterium do not attract sufficient neutrophils to entirely destroy the infection. 
C) There is a delay in selection of the population of eosinophils that recognize and are responsible for fighting these bacterial infections. 
D) The bacterium releases chemical messengers that make it resistant to phagocytosis. 
E) The combination of foods eaten at the meal reduces the pH of the stomach sufficiently so that the bacterium was not destroyed.

Question 18

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, and she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick.
-These cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and destroy virally infected cells:

Accepted Answer

A) cytotoxic T cells 
B) natural killer cells 
C) helper T cells 
D) macrophages 
E) B cells 
A) cytotoxic T cells 
B) natural killer cells 
C) helper T cells 
D) macrophages 
E) B cells

Question 19

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because

Accepted Answer

A) specific B cells and T cells must be selected prior to a protective response. 
B) it takes up to two weeks to stimulate immunologic memory cells. 
C) no memory cells can be called upon, so adequate response is slow. 
D) antigen receptors are not the same as for a flu virus to which she has previously been exposed. 
E) V-J gene rearrangement must occur prior to a response. 
A) specific B cells and T cells must be selected prior to a protective response. 
B) it takes up to two weeks to stimulate immunologic memory cells. 
C) no memory cells can be called upon, so adequate response is slow. 
D) antigen receptors are not the same as for a flu virus to which she has previously been exposed. 
E) V-J gene rearrangement must occur prior to a response.

Question 20

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, and she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick.
-Which of the following is a pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis 
A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

Exam 43: The Immune System

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by which of the following?

Which of the following differentiates T cells and B cells?

Which of the following is True of the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen?

Use the graph in Figure 43.1 to answer the following questions. Figure 43.1 -When would B cells produce effector cells?

A bacterium entering the body through a small cut in the skin will do which of the following?

In which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated?

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -Which of the following is the most likely reason that ancient peoples sought to identify inflammation?

What accounts for antibody switching (i.e., the switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen)?

Both the eye and the respiratory tract are protected against infections by which of the following?

Use the graph in Figure 43.1 to answer the following questions. Figure 43.1 -When would memory cells be produced?

How do people contract salmonella poisoning?

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

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Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

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Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

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From Gene to Protein

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Viruses

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Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

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Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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Hormones and the Endocrine System

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