Question 1

Some of the problems associated with intensive irrigation include all but

Accepted Answer

A) mineral runoff. 
B) overfertilization. 
C) land subsidence. 
D) aquifer depletion. 
E) soil salinization. 
A) mineral runoff. 
B) overfertilization. 
C) land subsidence. 
D) aquifer depletion. 
E) soil salinization.

Question 2

A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if

Accepted Answer

A) the mineral is a micronutrient. 
B) the mineral is very mobile within the plant. 
C) the mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis. 
D) the mineral is a macronutrient. 
E) the older leaves are in direct sunlight. 
A) the mineral is a micronutrient. 
B) the mineral is very mobile within the plant. 
C) the mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis. 
D) the mineral is a macronutrient. 
E) the older leaves are in direct sunlight.

Question 3

Macronutrients, elements required in relatively large amounts, typically have catalytic functions as cofactors of enzymes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Which of the following is not a function of rhizobacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) produce hormones that stimulate plant growth 
B) produce antibiotics that protect roots from disease 
C) absorb toxic metals 
D) carry out nitrogen fixation 
E) supply growing roots with glucose 
A) produce hormones that stimulate plant growth 
B) produce antibiotics that protect roots from disease 
C) absorb toxic metals 
D) carry out nitrogen fixation 
E) supply growing roots with glucose

Question 5

Micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because

Accepted Answer

A) most of them are mobile in the plant. 
B) most serve mainly as cofactors of enzymes. 
C) most are supplied in large enough quantities in seeds. 
D) they play only a minor role in the growth and health of the plant. 
E) only the most actively growing regions of the plants require micronutrients. 
A) most of them are mobile in the plant. 
B) most serve mainly as cofactors of enzymes. 
C) most are supplied in large enough quantities in seeds. 
D) they play only a minor role in the growth and health of the plant. 
E) only the most actively growing regions of the plants require micronutrients.

Question 6

In west Texas, cotton has become an important crop in the last several decades. However, in this hot, dry part of the country there is little rainfall, so farmers irrigate their cotton fields. They must also regularly fertilize the cotton fields because the soil is very sandy. Figure 37.2 shows the record of annual productivity (measured in kilograms of cotton per hectare of land) since 1960 in a west Texas cotton field. Use these data to answer the following questions.
   
Figure 37.2
-A young farmer purchases some land in a relatively arid area and is interested in earning a reasonable profit for many years. Which of the following strategies would best allow such a goal to be achieved?

Accepted Answer

A) establishing an extensive irrigation system 
B) using plenty of the best fertilizers 
C) finding a way to sell all parts of crop plants 
D) selecting crops adapted to arid areas 
E) converting hillsides into fields 
A) establishing an extensive irrigation system 
B) using plenty of the best fertilizers 
C) finding a way to sell all parts of crop plants 
D) selecting crops adapted to arid areas 
E) converting hillsides into fields

Question 7

A soil well suited for the growth of most plants would have all of the following properties except

Accepted Answer

A) abundant humus. 
B) air spaces. 
C) good drainage. 
D) high cation exchange capacity. 
E) a high pH. 
A) abundant humus. 
B) air spaces. 
C) good drainage. 
D) high cation exchange capacity. 
E) a high pH.

Question 8

What is meant by the term chlorosis?

Accepted Answer

A) the uptake of the micronutrient chlorine by a plant 
B) the formation of chlorophyll within the thylakoid membranes of a plant 
C) the yellowing of leaves due to decreased chlorophyll production 
D) a contamination of glassware in hydroponic culture 
E) release of negatively charged minerals such as chloride from clay particles in soil 
A) the uptake of the micronutrient chlorine by a plant 
B) the formation of chlorophyll within the thylakoid membranes of a plant 
C) the yellowing of leaves due to decreased chlorophyll production 
D) a contamination of glassware in hydroponic culture 
E) release of negatively charged minerals such as chloride from clay particles in soil

Question 9

The bulk of a plant's dry weight is derived from

Accepted Answer

A) soil minerals. 
B) CO2. 
C) the hydrogen from H₂O. 
D) the oxygen from H₂O. 
E) the uptake of organic nutrients from the soil. 
A) soil minerals. 
B) CO2. 
C) the hydrogen from H₂O. 
D) the oxygen from H₂O. 
E) the uptake of organic nutrients from the soil.

Question 10

Figure 37.1 shows the results of a study to determine the effect of soil air spaces on plant growth.
   
Figure 37.1
-The best explanation for the shape of the growth response curve in figure 37.1 is that

Accepted Answer

A) the plant requires air in the soil for photosynthesis. 
B) the roots are able to absorb more nitrogen (N2)in high levels of air. 
C) most of the decrease in weight at low air levels is due to transpiration from the leaves. 
D) increased soil air produces more root mass in the soil but does not affect the top stems and leaves. 
E) the roots require oxygen for respiration and growth. 
A) the plant requires air in the soil for photosynthesis. 
B) the roots are able to absorb more nitrogen (N2)in high levels of air. 
C) most of the decrease in weight at low air levels is due to transpiration from the leaves. 
D) increased soil air produces more root mass in the soil but does not affect the top stems and leaves. 
E) the roots require oxygen for respiration and growth.

Question 11

Which of the following is of least concern to a researcher in a mineral nutrition experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) purity of the chemicals used to make the nutrient solutions 
B) purity of the water used to make the nutrient solutions 
C) chemical inertness of the container used to make and store the nutrient solutions 
D) ability of a laboratory balance to weigh very small quantities of chemicals 
E) medium in which the test seedlings were grown 
A) purity of the chemicals used to make the nutrient solutions 
B) purity of the water used to make the nutrient solutions 
C) chemical inertness of the container used to make and store the nutrient solutions 
D) ability of a laboratory balance to weigh very small quantities of chemicals 
E) medium in which the test seedlings were grown

Question 12

What is the major function of magnesium in plants?

Accepted Answer

A) component of lignin-biosynthetic enzymes 
B) component of DNA and RNA 
C) a component of chlorophyll 
D) active in amino acid formation 
E) required to regenerate phospophenolpyruvate in C4 and CAM plants 
A) component of lignin-biosynthetic enzymes 
B) component of DNA and RNA 
C) a component of chlorophyll 
D) active in amino acid formation 
E) required to regenerate phospophenolpyruvate in C4 and CAM plants

Question 13

Which of the following is a primary difference between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae?

Accepted Answer

A) Endomycorrhizae have thicker, shorter hyphae than ectomycorrhizae. 
B) Endomycorrhizae, but not ectomycorrhizae, form a dense sheath over the surface of the root. 
C) Ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root cells, whereas endomycorrhizae grow into invaginations of the root cell membranes. 
D) Ectomycorrhizae are found in woody plant species; about 85% of plant families form ectomycorrhizae. 
E) There are no significant differences between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. 
A) Endomycorrhizae have thicker, shorter hyphae than ectomycorrhizae. 
B) Endomycorrhizae, but not ectomycorrhizae, form a dense sheath over the surface of the root. 
C) Ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root cells, whereas endomycorrhizae grow into invaginations of the root cell membranes. 
D) Ectomycorrhizae are found in woody plant species; about 85% of plant families form ectomycorrhizae. 
E) There are no significant differences between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.

Question 14

Which of the following describes the fate of most of the water taken up by a plant?

Accepted Answer

A) It is used as a solvent. 
B) It is used as a hydrogen source in photosynthesis. 
C) It is lost during transpiration. 
D) It makes cell elongation possible. 
E) It is used to keep cells turgid. 
A) It is used as a solvent. 
B) It is used as a hydrogen source in photosynthesis. 
C) It is lost during transpiration. 
D) It makes cell elongation possible. 
E) It is used to keep cells turgid.

Question 15

The earliest vascular plants on land had underground stems (rhizomes)but no roots. Water and mineral nutrients were most likely obtained by

Accepted Answer

A) absorption by hairs and trichomes. 
B) diffusion through stomata. 
C) absorption by mycorrhizae. 
D) osmosis through the root hairs. 
E) diffusion across the cuticle of the rhizome. 
A) absorption by hairs and trichomes. 
B) diffusion through stomata. 
C) absorption by mycorrhizae. 
D) osmosis through the root hairs. 
E) diffusion across the cuticle of the rhizome.

Question 16

In hydroponic culture, what is the purpose of bubbling air into the solute?

Accepted Answer

A) to keep dissolved nutrients evenly distributed 
B) to provide oxygen to the root cells 
C) to inhibit the growth of aerobic algae 
D) to inhibit the growth of anaerobic bacteria 
E) to provide CO2 for photosynthesis 
A) to keep dissolved nutrients evenly distributed 
B) to provide oxygen to the root cells 
C) to inhibit the growth of aerobic algae 
D) to inhibit the growth of anaerobic bacteria 
E) to provide CO2 for photosynthesis

Question 17

What soil(s)is(are)the most fertile?

Accepted Answer

A) humus only 
B) loam only 
C) silt only 
D) clay only 
E) both humus and loam 
A) humus only 
B) loam only 
C) silt only 
D) clay only 
E) both humus and loam

Question 18

Which of the following is a True statement about nitrogen fixation in root nodules?

Accepted Answer

A) The plant contributes the nitrogenase enzyme. 
B) The process is relatively inexpensive in terms of ATP costs. 
C) Leghemoglobin helps maintain a low O2 concentration within the nodule. 
D) The process tends to deplete nitrogen compounds in the soil. 
E) The bacteria of the nodule are autotrophic. 
A) The plant contributes the nitrogenase enzyme. 
B) The process is relatively inexpensive in terms of ATP costs. 
C) Leghemoglobin helps maintain a low O2 concentration within the nodule. 
D) The process tends to deplete nitrogen compounds in the soil. 
E) The bacteria of the nodule are autotrophic.

Question 19

If you wanted to increase the cation exchange and water retention capacity of loamy soil, what should you do?

Accepted Answer

A) Adjust the soil pH to 7.9. 
B) Add clay to the soil. 
C) Practice no-till agriculture. 
D) Add fertilizer containing potassium, calcium and magnesium to the soil. 
E) Increase the number of sand particles in the soil. 
A) Adjust the soil pH to 7.9. 
B) Add clay to the soil. 
C) Practice no-till agriculture. 
D) Add fertilizer containing potassium, calcium and magnesium to the soil. 
E) Increase the number of sand particles in the soil.

Question 20

We would expect the greatest difference in plant health between two groups of plants of the same species, one group with mycorrhizae and one group without mycorrhizae, in an environment

Accepted Answer

A) where nitrogen-fixing bacteria are abundant. 
B) that has soil with poor drainage. 
C) that has hot summers and cold winters. 
D) in which the soil is relatively deficient in mineral nutrients. 
E) that is near a body of water, such as a pond or river. 
A) where nitrogen-fixing bacteria are abundant. 
B) that has soil with poor drainage. 
C) that has hot summers and cold winters. 
D) in which the soil is relatively deficient in mineral nutrients. 
E) that is near a body of water, such as a pond or river.

Exam 37: Soil and Plant Nutrition

Some of the problems associated with intensive irrigation include all but

A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if

Macronutrients, elements required in relatively large amounts, typically have catalytic functions as cofactors of enzymes.

Which of the following is not a function of rhizobacteria?

Micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because

A soil well suited for the growth of most plants would have all of the following properties except

What is meant by the term chlorosis?

The bulk of a plant's dry weight is derived from

Figure 37.1 shows the results of a study to determine the effect of soil air spaces on plant growth. Figure 37.1 -The best explanation for the shape of the growth response curve in figure 37.1 is that

Which of the following is of least concern to a researcher in a mineral nutrition experiment?

What is the major function of magnesium in plants?

Which of the following is a primary difference between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae?

Which of the following describes the fate of most of the water taken up by a plant?

The earliest vascular plants on land had underground stems (rhizomes)but no roots. Water and mineral nutrients were most likely obtained by

In hydroponic culture, what is the purpose of bubbling air into the solute?

What soil(s)is(are)the most fertile?

Which of the following is a True statement about nitrogen fixation in root nodules?

If you wanted to increase the cation exchange and water retention capacity of loamy soil, what should you do?

We would expect the greatest difference in plant health between two groups of plants of the same species, one group with mycorrhizae and one group without mycorrhizae, in an environment

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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