Exam 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions. -How many reduced dinucleotides would be produced with four turns of the citric acid cycle?

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions. -Each time a molecule of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O₂)are required?

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions. -During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?

Use the following information to answer the next questions. In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO₂, 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A. -How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions. -Assume a mitochondrion contains 58 NADH and 19 FADH₂. If each of the 77 dinucleotides were used, approximately how many ATP molecules could be generated as a result of oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)?

Figure 9.3 -The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions. -Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)in cellular respiration?

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions. -For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH₂ molecules produced?

Figure 9.3 -One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Use the following to answer the following questions. Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. If the membranes are agitated still further however, the ability to synthesize ATP is lost. -After the second agitation of the membrane vesicles, what must be lost from the membrane?

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions. -Carbon dioxide (CO₂)is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

Figure 9.3 -Most CO₂ from catabolism is released during

An electron loses potential energy when it

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions. -In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?

Figure 9.3 -Which of the following is a True distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?

Refer to Figure 9.2, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions. -Recall that the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy (ΔG = -686 kcal/mol). The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores approximately 7.3 kcal per mole of ATP. What is the approximate efficiency of cellular respiration for a "mutant" organism that produces only 29 moles of ATP for every mole of glucose oxidized, rather than the usual 36-38 moles of ATP?

Figure 9.3 -In alcohol fermentation, NAD⁺ is regenerated from NADH during which of the following?

Figure 9.3 -What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?