Question 1

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear.
  
-The sense of head motion begins with sensory transduction by the structures at which numbers?

Accepted Answer

A) 2, 3, and 4 
B) 2, 5, and 7 
C) 4 
D) 5 
E) 7 and 8 
A) 2, 3, and 4 
B) 2, 5, and 7 
C) 4 
D) 5 
E) 7 and 8

Question 2

Olfaction differs from gustation in that

Accepted Answer

A) gustation depends on cilia. 
B) gustation depends on chemoreceptors. 
C) the sensory cells of olfaction are neurons. 
D) tastants are dissolved in mucus. 
E) the sensory cells of gustation are neurons. 
A) gustation depends on cilia. 
B) gustation depends on chemoreceptors. 
C) the sensory cells of olfaction are neurons. 
D) tastants are dissolved in mucus. 
E) the sensory cells of gustation are neurons.

Question 3

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear.
  
-The structure involved in equalizing the pressure between the ear and the atmosphere is represented by number

Accepted Answer

A) 7 
B) 1 
C) 8 
D) 9 
E) 10 
A) 7 
B) 1 
C) 8 
D) 9 
E) 10

Question 4

Stimuli alter the activity of excitable sensory cells via

Accepted Answer

A) integration. 
B) transmission. 
C) transduction. 
D) transcription. 
E) amplification. 
A) integration. 
B) transmission. 
C) transduction. 
D) transcription. 
E) amplification.

Question 5

The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state,termed rigor mortis,for several hours,due to the lack of

Accepted Answer

A) phosphorylated myosin. 
B) ATP needed to break actin-myosin bonds. 
C) calcium ions needed to bind to troponin. 
D) oxygen supplies needed for myoglobin. 
E) sodium ions needed to fire action potentials. 
A) phosphorylated myosin. 
B) ATP needed to break actin-myosin bonds. 
C) calcium ions needed to bind to troponin. 
D) oxygen supplies needed for myoglobin. 
E) sodium ions needed to fire action potentials.

Question 6

Proteins coded by a very large family of related genes are active in the sensory transduction of

Accepted Answer

A) gustatory stimuli. 
B) olfactory stimuli. 
C) visual stimuli. 
D) auditory stimuli. 
E) stimuli related to the position of the head. 
A) gustatory stimuli. 
B) olfactory stimuli. 
C) visual stimuli. 
D) auditory stimuli. 
E) stimuli related to the position of the head.

Question 7

Elephants hear sounds that are too low for humans to hear.What is this sensitivity primarily due to?

Accepted Answer

A) arrangement and shape of the ossicles 
B) flexibility of the basilar membrane in the cochlea 
C) size and flexibility of the tympanic membrane 
D) size and shape of the outer ear 
E) sensitivity of the stapes 
A) arrangement and shape of the ossicles 
B) flexibility of the basilar membrane in the cochlea 
C) size and flexibility of the tympanic membrane 
D) size and shape of the outer ear 
E) sensitivity of the stapes

Question 8

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's menthol-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of

Accepted Answer

A) cold temperature. 
B) hot temperature. 
C) tactile stimulus. 
D) odour of pepper. 
E) deep pressure. 
A) cold temperature. 
B) hot temperature. 
C) tactile stimulus. 
D) odour of pepper. 
E) deep pressure.

Question 9

Two students studying physiology taste a known "bitter" substance,and both report sensing bitterness.They then sample another substance.Student A reports sensing both a bitter taste and a salty taste,but student B reports only a salty taste.What is the most logical explanation?

Accepted Answer

A) Student A had an allergic reaction to the food, causing him to perceive the food as being bitter. 
B) Student A has normal "bitter" taste buds; student B has defective "bitter" taste buds that result in lower sensitivity to bitterness. 
C) Student A has a protein receptor capable of detecting a bitter molecule found in that substance, whereas student B lacks that particular protein receptor. 
D) Student A has normal saliva, whereas student B's saliva is more alkaline than normal. 
E) Student A has fewer umami receptors than student B. 
A) Student A had an allergic reaction to the food, causing him to perceive the food as being bitter. 
B) Student A has normal "bitter" taste buds; student B has defective "bitter" taste buds that result in lower sensitivity to bitterness. 
C) Student A has a protein receptor capable of detecting a bitter molecule found in that substance, whereas student B lacks that particular protein receptor. 
D) Student A has normal saliva, whereas student B's saliva is more alkaline than normal. 
E) Student A has fewer umami receptors than student B.

Question 10

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
The migration path of monarch butterflies brings them from Eastern Canada to Mexico over a long,multi-generational journey.During a series of experiments in a chamber,monarchs were observed to fly in a southwest direction.When their circadian rhythms were altered by -6 and +6 hours,the monarchs flew in a southeast or northwest direction,respectively.
-Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?

Accepted Answer

A) hair cell-mechanoreceptor 
B) muscle spindle-mechanoreceptor 
C) taste receptor-chemoreceptor 
D) rod-electromagnetic receptor 
E) olfactory receptor-electromagnetic receptor 
A) hair cell-mechanoreceptor 
B) muscle spindle-mechanoreceptor 
C) taste receptor-chemoreceptor 
D) rod-electromagnetic receptor 
E) olfactory receptor-electromagnetic receptor

Question 11

Compared to oxidative skeletal muscle fibres,those classified as glycolytic typically have

Accepted Answer

A) a higher concentration of myoglobin. 
B) a higher density of mitochondria. 
C) a darker visual appearance. 
D) a smaller diameter. 
E) less resistance to fatigue. 
A) a higher concentration of myoglobin. 
B) a higher density of mitochondria. 
C) a darker visual appearance. 
D) a smaller diameter. 
E) less resistance to fatigue.

Question 12

A given photon of light may trigger an action potential with thousands of times more energy because the signal strength is magnified by

Accepted Answer

A) the receptor. 
B) a G protein. 
C) an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. 
D) sensory adaptation. 
E) triggering several receptors at once. 
A) the receptor. 
B) a G protein. 
C) an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. 
D) sensory adaptation. 
E) triggering several receptors at once.

Question 13

Immediately after putting on a shirt,your skin might feel itchy.However,this perception soon fades due to

Accepted Answer

A) sensory adaptation. 
B) accommodation. 
C) the increase of transduction. 
D) reduced motor unit recruitment. 
E) reduced receptor amplification. 
A) sensory adaptation. 
B) accommodation. 
C) the increase of transduction. 
D) reduced motor unit recruitment. 
E) reduced receptor amplification.

Question 14

Receptor proteins for the neurotransmitter molecules released by rods and cones are found on

Accepted Answer

A) ganglion cells. 
B) horizontal cells. 
C) amacrine cells. 
D) bipolar cells. 
E) lateral cells. 
A) ganglion cells. 
B) horizontal cells. 
C) amacrine cells. 
D) bipolar cells. 
E) lateral cells.

Question 15

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species.These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms,other molluscs,or in some cases fish as their primary food sources.… conotoxins from Australian species of Conus … have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." (B.G.Livett,K.R.Gayler,and Z.Khalil.2004.Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics.Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
-This particular conotoxin inhibits acetylcholine receptors.Where are the receptors located?

Accepted Answer

A) along the motor neuron axon 
B) on motor neuron dendrites 
C) on the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction 
D) on the postsynaptic membrane, on the muscle cell 
E) on the sarcomere 
A) along the motor neuron axon 
B) on motor neuron dendrites 
C) on the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction 
D) on the postsynaptic membrane, on the muscle cell 
E) on the sarcomere

Question 16

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
  
-Experiments with genetically altered mice showed that the mice would consume abnormally high amounts of bitter-tasting compounds in water after their

Accepted Answer

A) hormone receptors for digestive hormones were reduced or eliminated, showing that bitter tastes are reinforced by digestive responses. 
B) salt-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants, suggesting that animals have unregulated salt appetites. 
C) visual sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn visual cues about bitter tastes. 
D) olfactory sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn odour cues about bitter tastes. 
E) sweet-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants, suggesting that the sensation of taste depends only on which taste cell is stimulated. 
A) hormone receptors for digestive hormones were reduced or eliminated, showing that bitter tastes are reinforced by digestive responses. 
B) salt-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants, suggesting that animals have unregulated salt appetites. 
C) visual sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn visual cues about bitter tastes. 
D) olfactory sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn odour cues about bitter tastes. 
E) sweet-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants, suggesting that the sensation of taste depends only on which taste cell is stimulated.

Question 17

Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the

Accepted Answer

A) gustatory complex. 
B) anterior hypothalamus. 
C) olfactory bulb. 
D) occipital lobe. 
E) posterior pituitary gland. 
A) gustatory complex. 
B) anterior hypothalamus. 
C) olfactory bulb. 
D) occipital lobe. 
E) posterior pituitary gland.

Question 18

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear.
  
-Vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window are transmitted by the structures at which numbers?

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
B) 2, 3, and 4 
C) 3 and 4 
D) 4 
E) 5 
A) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
B) 2, 3, and 4 
C) 3 and 4 
D) 4 
E) 5

Question 19

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear.
  
-The organ of Corti is represented by which number?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 5 
D) 6 
E) 7 
A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 5 
D) 6 
E) 7

Question 20

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's capsaicin-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of

Accepted Answer

A) cold temperature. 
B) hot temperature. 
C) tactile stimulus. 
D) odour of pepper. 
E) deep pressure. 
A) cold temperature. 
B) hot temperature. 
C) tactile stimulus. 
D) odour of pepper. 
E) deep pressure.

Exam 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear. -The sense of head motion begins with sensory transduction by the structures at which numbers?

Olfaction differs from gustation in that

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear. -The structure involved in equalizing the pressure between the ear and the atmosphere is represented by number

Stimuli alter the activity of excitable sensory cells via

The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state,termed rigor mortis,for several hours,due to the lack of

Proteins coded by a very large family of related genes are active in the sensory transduction of

Elephants hear sounds that are too low for humans to hear.What is this sensitivity primarily due to?

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's menthol-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of

Two students studying physiology taste a known "bitter" substance,and both report sensing bitterness.They then sample another substance.Student A reports sensing both a bitter taste and a salty taste,but student B reports only a salty taste.What is the most logical explanation?

Compared to oxidative skeletal muscle fibres,those classified as glycolytic typically have

A given photon of light may trigger an action potential with thousands of times more energy because the signal strength is magnified by

Immediately after putting on a shirt,your skin might feel itchy.However,this perception soon fades due to

Receptor proteins for the neurotransmitter molecules released by rods and cones are found on

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. -Experiments with genetically altered mice showed that the mice would consume abnormally high amounts of bitter-tasting compounds in water after their

Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear. -Vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window are transmitted by the structures at which numbers?

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear. -The organ of Corti is represented by which number?

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's capsaicin-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

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Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

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Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

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Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

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Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

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Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

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Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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