Question 1

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have

Accepted Answer

A) excellent hearing for detecting predators. 
B) compound eyes with multiple ommatidia. 
C) eyes with multiple fovea. 
D) a camera-like eye with multiple fovea. 
E) binocular vision. 
A) excellent hearing for detecting predators. 
B) compound eyes with multiple ommatidia. 
C) eyes with multiple fovea. 
D) a camera-like eye with multiple fovea. 
E) binocular vision.

Question 2

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on

Accepted Answer

A) actin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
B) myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
C) actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter. 
D) actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and then flexing. 
E) myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and then flexing. 
A) actin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
B) myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
C) actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter. 
D) actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and then flexing. 
E) myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and then flexing.

Question 3

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
In science class,you are identifying and dissecting several fish species.In fish #1,you observe that the muscle tissue is primarily light coloured,while fish #2 has dark muscle tissue.
-What assumption can you make about the swimming behaviour of fish #2?

Accepted Answer

A) The fish often swims for long distances. 
B) The fish likely swims in an undulating fashion. 
C) The fish often swims for short distances. 
D) The fish would fatigue quickly. 
E) The fish swims in explosive short bursts. 
A) The fish often swims for long distances. 
B) The fish likely swims in an undulating fashion. 
C) The fish often swims for short distances. 
D) The fish would fatigue quickly. 
E) The fish swims in explosive short bursts.

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fibre?
1)Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
2)Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3)Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4)The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
5)An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine,which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 
B) 2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4 
C) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 → 5 
D) 5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 
E) 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 
A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 
B) 2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4 
C) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 → 5 
D) 5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 
E) 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4

Question 5

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction.Which of the following would be most likely to help?

Accepted Answer

A) Inject Ca²⁺ into the muscle cell, because Ca²⁺ is not being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B) Induce tropomycin and troponin to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin. 
C) Increase the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses between the motor neurons and muscle cells. 
D) Depolarize the motor neurons to send an action potential to the muscle cells. 
E) Remove ATP so that Ca²⁺ remains in the cytoplasm. 
A) Inject Ca²⁺ into the muscle cell, because Ca²⁺ is not being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B) Induce tropomycin and troponin to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin. 
C) Increase the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses between the motor neurons and muscle cells. 
D) Depolarize the motor neurons to send an action potential to the muscle cells. 
E) Remove ATP so that Ca²⁺ remains in the cytoplasm.

Question 6

The correct sequence of sensory processing is

Accepted Answer

A) sensory adaptation → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception. 
B) stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception → sensory adaptation. 
C) sensory perception → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory adaptation. 
D) sensory perception → sensory transduction → stimulus reception → sensory adaptation. 
E) stimulus reception → sensory perception → sensory adaptation → sensory transduction. 
A) sensory adaptation → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception. 
B) stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception → sensory adaptation. 
C) sensory perception → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory adaptation. 
D) sensory perception → sensory transduction → stimulus reception → sensory adaptation. 
E) stimulus reception → sensory perception → sensory adaptation → sensory transduction.

Question 7

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear.
  
-Hair cells are found in structures represented by numbers

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 
B) 3 and 4 
C) 5 and 7 
D) 6 and 8 
E) 9 and 10 
A) 1 and 2 
B) 3 and 4 
C) 5 and 7 
D) 6 and 8 
E) 9 and 10

Question 8

Choose the correct sequence of the following events leading to the sensory processing of a stimulus.
1)transmission
2)transduction
3)integration
4)amplification

Accepted Answer

A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 
B) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 
C) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 
D) 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 
E) 3 → 1 → 4 → 2 
A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 
B) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 
C) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 
D) 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 
E) 3 → 1 → 4 → 2

Question 9

A rod exposed to light will

Accepted Answer

A) fire action potentials that will increase its release of glutamate. 
B) undergo a graded depolarization that will increase its release of glutamate. 
C) undergo a graded hyperpolarization that will increase its release of glutamate. 
D) undergo a graded depolarization that will decrease its release of glutamate. 
E) undergo a graded hyperpolarization that will decrease its release of glutamate. 
A) fire action potentials that will increase its release of glutamate. 
B) undergo a graded depolarization that will increase its release of glutamate. 
C) undergo a graded hyperpolarization that will increase its release of glutamate. 
D) undergo a graded depolarization that will decrease its release of glutamate. 
E) undergo a graded hyperpolarization that will decrease its release of glutamate.

Question 10

The generation of action potentials in olfactory neurons initiated by odours drawn in the nasal cavity is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) perception. 
B) sensory transduction. 
C) sensory adaptation. 
D) habituation. 
E) lateral inhibition. 
A) perception. 
B) sensory transduction. 
C) sensory adaptation. 
D) habituation. 
E) lateral inhibition.

Question 11

Chitin is a major component of

Accepted Answer

A) the skeleton of mammals. 
B) the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms. 
C) the exoskeleton of insects. 
D) the body hairs of mammals. 
E) the skeleton in birds. 
A) the skeleton of mammals. 
B) the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms. 
C) the exoskeleton of insects. 
D) the body hairs of mammals. 
E) the skeleton in birds.

Question 12

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
  
-Overlapping actin and myosin filaments are found in which section of the figure?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 13

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to

Accepted Answer

A) energized cross-bridges. 
B) myosin. 
C) actin. 
D) tropomyosin. 
E) troponin. 
A) energized cross-bridges. 
B) myosin. 
C) actin. 
D) tropomyosin. 
E) troponin.

Question 14

If you experimentally reduce the concentration of K⁺ in the extracellular fluid surrounding hair cells in the inner ear,the result would be like which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) decreasing the volume of sound reaching the hair cells 
B) increasing the volume of sound reaching the hair cells 
C) decreasing the frequency of sound reaching the hair cells 
D) increasing the frequency of sound reaching the hair cells 
E) both decreasing the volume and frequency of sound reaching the hair cells 
A) decreasing the volume of sound reaching the hair cells 
B) increasing the volume of sound reaching the hair cells 
C) decreasing the frequency of sound reaching the hair cells 
D) increasing the frequency of sound reaching the hair cells 
E) both decreasing the volume and frequency of sound reaching the hair cells

Question 15

Which of the following are present in high densities in both smooth and skeletal muscle cells?
I.cilia
II.mitochondria
III.nuclei
IV.endoplasmic reticulum

Accepted Answer

A) only I and II 
B) only II and IV 
C) only III and IV 
D) only I, II, and III 
E) I, II, III and IV 
A) only I and II 
B) only II and IV 
C) only III and IV 
D) only I, II, and III 
E) I, II, III and IV

Question 16

How could you modify an animal so that it would distinguish more shades of green?

Accepted Answer

A) Induce genes to produce a greater number of cone cells in the fovea. 
B) Introduce genes for different opsins that respond in the green region of the spectrum. 
C) Introduce genes to produce green fluid in the eyeball, because green fluids will not absorb green light. 
D) Induce increased production of cGMP to increase opening of cGMP-gated sodium channels. 
E) Decrease the number of rods cells in the eye. 
A) Induce genes to produce a greater number of cone cells in the fovea. 
B) Introduce genes for different opsins that respond in the green region of the spectrum. 
C) Introduce genes to produce green fluid in the eyeball, because green fluids will not absorb green light. 
D) Induce increased production of cGMP to increase opening of cGMP-gated sodium channels. 
E) Decrease the number of rods cells in the eye.

Question 17

Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to

Accepted Answer

A) troponin. 
B) tropomyosin. 
C) actin. 
D) myosin. 
E) calmodulin. 
A) troponin. 
B) tropomyosin. 
C) actin. 
D) myosin. 
E) calmodulin.

Question 18

The cochlea is an organ of auditory transduction that contains

Accepted Answer

A) fluid and cells that can undergo mechanosensory transduction. 
B) air and cells that produce wax. 
C) air and small bones that vibrate in response to sound waves. 
D) fluid with stacks of chemosensory cells. 
E) air and statocysts activated by movement. 
A) fluid and cells that can undergo mechanosensory transduction. 
B) air and cells that produce wax. 
C) air and small bones that vibrate in response to sound waves. 
D) fluid with stacks of chemosensory cells. 
E) air and statocysts activated by movement.

Question 19

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species.These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms,other molluscs,or in some cases fish as their primary food sources.… conotoxins from Australian species of Conus … have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." (B.G.Livett,K.R.Gayler,and Z.Khalil.2004.Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics.Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
-What is the adaptive value of this toxin?
I.It would cause muscle spasms in the prey.
II.It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle of the prey.
III.It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting of the prey.

Accepted Answer

A) only I 
B) only II 
C) only III 
D) only I and II 
E) I, II and III 
A) only I 
B) only II 
C) only III 
D) only I and II 
E) I, II and III

Question 20

Although some sharks close their eyes just before they bite,their bites are on target.Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects and that they can find batteries buried under sand.This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that

Accepted Answer

A) a rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow. 
B) a male silkworm moth locates a mate. 
C) a bat finds moths in the dark. 
D) a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river. 
E) a flatworm avoids light places. 
A) a rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow. 
B) a male silkworm moth locates a mate. 
C) a bat finds moths in the dark. 
D) a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river. 
E) a flatworm avoids light places.

Exam 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction.Which of the following would be most likely to help?

The correct sequence of sensory processing is

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear. -Hair cells are found in structures represented by numbers

Choose the correct sequence of the following events leading to the sensory processing of a stimulus. 1)transmission 2)transduction 3)integration 4)amplification

A rod exposed to light will

The generation of action potentials in olfactory neurons initiated by odours drawn in the nasal cavity is an example of

Chitin is a major component of

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. -Overlapping actin and myosin filaments are found in which section of the figure?

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to

If you experimentally reduce the concentration of K⁺ in the extracellular fluid surrounding hair cells in the inner ear,the result would be like which of the following?

Which of the following are present in high densities in both smooth and skeletal muscle cells? I.cilia II.mitochondria III.nuclei IV.endoplasmic reticulum

How could you modify an animal so that it would distinguish more shades of green?

Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to

The cochlea is an organ of auditory transduction that contains

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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