Question 1

You are given an organism to identify.It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row.What kind of a fungus is this?

Accepted Answer

A) zygomycete 
B) ascomycete 
C) deuteromycete 
D) chytrid 
E) basidiomycete 
A) zygomycete 
B) ascomycete 
C) deuteromycete 
D) chytrid 
E) basidiomycete

Question 2

Some fungi can exist either as unicellular yeasts or as filamentous hyphae.Which of these forms would be most favourable in an environment where nutrients are limited?

Accepted Answer

A) a smaller unicellular yeast 
B) a larger unicellular yeast 
C) a shorter filamentous hypha 
D) a longer filamentous hypha 
A) a smaller unicellular yeast 
B) a larger unicellular yeast 
C) a shorter filamentous hypha 
D) a longer filamentous hypha

Question 3

Among the organisms listed here,which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) animals 
B) vascular plants 
C) mosses 
D) brown algae 
E) slime moulds 
A) animals 
B) vascular plants 
C) mosses 
D) brown algae 
E) slime moulds

Question 4

The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow,as viewed from above.The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil.Locations A-D are all 0.5 metres below the soil surface.Responses may be used once,more than once,or not at all.
  
-Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D

Question 5

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Recent genetic studies of the structure of microsporidian genomes,as well as the sequences of their tubulin genes and the gene for RNA polymerase II,indicate that microsporidians are closely related to the fungi.Microsporidians lack flagella,centrioles,peroxisomes,and mitochondria (although they do have degenerate mitochondria,called mitosomes).They have the smallest genome of any eukaryote,and it is a genome that changes quickly.The genome is contained within two haploid nuclei.All microsporidians are obligate intracellular parasites.They use a unique organelle called a polar filament to gain access to the cells of their hosts.One species causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients.Another parasitizes Anopheles gambiae,the mosquito that transmits a fatal form of malaria to humans.
-Which of the following microsporidian features are shared with many other fungi?
1)chitinous cell wall
2)two haploid nuclei per cell
3)polar filament
4)chemoheterotrophy

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 1 and 4 
D) 1, 2, and 4 
E) 2, 3, and 4 
A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 1 and 4 
D) 1, 2, and 4 
E) 2, 3, and 4

Question 6

The microsporidian,Brachiola gambiae,parasitizes the mosquito,Anopheles gambiae.Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop,and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans.Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar.If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria,then how many of the following statements should be true?
1)Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity.
2)The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects.
3)Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae,rather than mosquito adults.
4)The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs.
5)Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes,but not to female mosquitoes.

Accepted Answer

A) one statement only 
B) two statements 
C) three statements 
D) four statements 
E) all five statements 
A) one statement only 
B) two statements 
C) three statements 
D) four statements 
E) all five statements

Question 7

Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Bd.A Bd sporangium initially contains a single,haploid cell.Which of the following processes must be involved in generating the multiple zoospores eventually produced by each sporangium?
1)S phase
2)cytokinesis
3)mitosis
4)meiosis

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 2 and 3 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
E) 1, 2, and 4 
A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 2 and 3 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
E) 1, 2, and 4

Question 8

If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen,and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially,then this would support the claim that

Accepted Answer

A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic. 
B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. 
C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates. 
D) fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the "leakiness" of photosynthetic partners. 
E) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners. 
A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic. 
B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. 
C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates. 
D) fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the "leakiness" of photosynthetic partners. 
E) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners.

Question 9

The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow,as viewed from above.The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil.Locations A-D are all 0.5 metres below the soil surface.Responses may be used once,more than once,or not at all.
  
-At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes,assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source,and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D

Question 10

Arrange the following from largest to smallest,assuming that they all come from the same fungus.
1)basidiocarp
2)basidium
3)basidiospore
4)mycelium
5)gill

Accepted Answer

A) 4 → 5 → 1→ 2 → 3 
B) 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 
C) 5 → 1 → 4 → 3 → 2 
D) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 
E) 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3 
A) 4 → 5 → 1→ 2 → 3 
B) 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 
C) 5 → 1 → 4 → 3 → 2 
D) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 
E) 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3

Question 11

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Unicellular yeasts can be represented as spheres,whereas filamentous hyphae more closely resemble cylinders.As these two geometric figures increase in size,their surface area-to-volume ratios change.The following tables demonstrate how this ratio changes,first for spheres,and second for cylinders.For the cylinder,girth (i.e.,radius,r)will remain constant,whereas length,L,will increase.Note the formulas below the respective tables.
A sphere's change in surface area and volume with increasing radius,r
   
Area of a Sphere = 4r² Volume of a Sphere = 4/3r³
A cylinder's change in surface area and volume with increasing length,L
   
Area of a Cylinder = 2(r²)+ 2rL Volume of a Cylinder = r²ᴸ
-Which statement is a correct interpretation of the data in the previous tables?

Accepted Answer

A) As a sphere gets bigger, its surface area and volume increase at about the same pace. 
B) As a cylinder gets bigger, its surface area increases at a greater pace than does its volume. 
C) As a cylinder gets bigger, its volume increases at about the same pace at which the volume of a sphere increases. 
D) As spheres and cylinders get bigger, the surface area of a cylinder increases at a faster pace than does the surface area of a sphere. 
A) As a sphere gets bigger, its surface area and volume increase at about the same pace. 
B) As a cylinder gets bigger, its surface area increases at a greater pace than does its volume. 
C) As a cylinder gets bigger, its volume increases at about the same pace at which the volume of a sphere increases. 
D) As spheres and cylinders get bigger, the surface area of a cylinder increases at a faster pace than does the surface area of a sphere.

Question 12

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Rose-picker's disease is caused by the yeast,Sporothrix schenkii.The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns.If a human gets pricked by such a thorn,the yeasts can be introduced under the skin.The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node.This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node,which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface and then drains.
-The answer to which of these questions would be of most assistance to one who is attempting to assign the genus Sporothrix to the correct fungal phylum?

Accepted Answer

A) Do these yeasts perform fermentation while growing on the rose-bush thorns, or do they wait until inside a human host? 
B) Does S. schenkii rely on animal infection to complete some part of its life cycle, or is the infection merely opportunistic? 
C) Are the hyphae in lymphatic vessels septate, or are they coenocytic? 
D) Is S. schenkii best described as a decomposer, parasite, pathogen, or mutualist of humans? 
E) Being a yeast, does S. schenkii perform the process of budding? 
A) Do these yeasts perform fermentation while growing on the rose-bush thorns, or do they wait until inside a human host? 
B) Does S. schenkii rely on animal infection to complete some part of its life cycle, or is the infection merely opportunistic? 
C) Are the hyphae in lymphatic vessels septate, or are they coenocytic? 
D) Is S. schenkii best described as a decomposer, parasite, pathogen, or mutualist of humans? 
E) Being a yeast, does S. schenkii perform the process of budding?

Question 13

The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells,respectively?

Accepted Answer

A) desmosomes-tonoplasts 
B) gap junctions-plasmodesmata 
C) tight junctions-plastids 
D) centrioles-plastids 
E) flagella-central vacuoles 
A) desmosomes-tonoplasts 
B) gap junctions-plasmodesmata 
C) tight junctions-plastids 
D) centrioles-plastids 
E) flagella-central vacuoles

Question 14

Many infected animals are induced by the parasitic microsporidians to develop huge cells,known as xenomas,which are full of spores.Given their large size,what should be true of the xenomas?

Accepted Answer

A) The parasite must endow the xenoma with some way to overcome its unfavourable surface area-to-volume ratio. 
B) The xenoma must obtain mitochondria to survive. 
C) The xenoma must gain a cell wall; otherwise, it will lyse. 
D) The xenoma acts as a prison, of sorts, to keep the spores from escaping and infecting other organisms. 
A) The parasite must endow the xenoma with some way to overcome its unfavourable surface area-to-volume ratio. 
B) The xenoma must obtain mitochondria to survive. 
C) The xenoma must gain a cell wall; otherwise, it will lyse. 
D) The xenoma acts as a prison, of sorts, to keep the spores from escaping and infecting other organisms.

Question 15

Genetic variation in fungi occurs through

Accepted Answer

A) karyogamy. 
B) meiosis. 
C) plasmogamy. 
D) budding. 
E) A and B. 
A) karyogamy. 
B) meiosis. 
C) plasmogamy. 
D) budding. 
E) A and B.

Question 16

Which description does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores?

Accepted Answer

A) have haploid nuclei 
B) represent the dispersal stage 
C) are produced by meiosis 
D) upon germination, will subsequently undergo S phase and mitosis 
A) have haploid nuclei 
B) represent the dispersal stage 
C) are produced by meiosis 
D) upon germination, will subsequently undergo S phase and mitosis

Question 17

Arrange the following from largest to smallest.
1)ascospore
2)ascocarp
3)ascomycete
4)ascus

Accepted Answer

A) 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 
B) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 
C) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 
D) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 
E) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 
A) 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 
B) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 
C) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 
D) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 
E) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3

Question 18

Which of the following are protists,the organisms thought to share the closest ancestor with the chytrids?

Accepted Answer

A) nucleariids 
B) choanoflagellates 
C) zygomycetes 
D) algae 
E) diplomonads 
A) nucleariids 
B) choanoflagellates 
C) zygomycetes 
D) algae 
E) diplomonads

Question 19

The following questions refer to the description below.
A lichen is a mutualistic association between a fungus and a green algae or cyanobacteria.There are clear morphological differences in lichen body form; some have flat bodies and are very close together,others have leaf-like bodies,and still others grow upright.The association between the two organisms is so complete that lichens are classified as a single organism.
-Biologists have noted that lichen structure differs substantially from the fungus component grown separately.What is the most plausible explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

A) The variation depends on the structure of the hyphae. 
B) The variation depends if reproduction is sexual or asexual. 
C) The variation is due to the photosynthetic partners, which influence lichen structure. 
D) The variation depends on the coevolution of the partners. 
E) The variation depends where the lichens are found. 
A) The variation depends on the structure of the hyphae. 
B) The variation depends if reproduction is sexual or asexual. 
C) The variation is due to the photosynthetic partners, which influence lichen structure. 
D) The variation depends on the coevolution of the partners. 
E) The variation depends where the lichens are found.

Question 20

Fungi differ from other heterotrophic organisms in which way?

Accepted Answer

A) They make their own food if they cannot obtain sufficient food by ingestion. 
B) They ingest only microscopic organisms. 
C) They secrete enzymes on the outside of a food source, and then absorb nutrients from both living and non-living cells. 
D) They have only a few very specific yet weak enzymes for digestion. 
E) Their enzymes can break down only simple molecules. 
A) They make their own food if they cannot obtain sufficient food by ingestion. 
B) They ingest only microscopic organisms. 
C) They secrete enzymes on the outside of a food source, and then absorb nutrients from both living and non-living cells. 
D) They have only a few very specific yet weak enzymes for digestion. 
E) Their enzymes can break down only simple molecules.

Exam 31: Fungi

You are given an organism to identify.It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row.What kind of a fungus is this?

Some fungi can exist either as unicellular yeasts or as filamentous hyphae.Which of these forms would be most favourable in an environment where nutrients are limited?

Among the organisms listed here,which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?

Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Bd.A Bd sporangium initially contains a single,haploid cell.Which of the following processes must be involved in generating the multiple zoospores eventually produced by each sporangium? 1)S phase 2)cytokinesis 3)mitosis 4)meiosis

If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen,and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially,then this would support the claim that

Arrange the following from largest to smallest,assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1)basidiocarp 2)basidium 3)basidiospore 4)mycelium 5)gill

The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells,respectively?

Many infected animals are induced by the parasitic microsporidians to develop huge cells,known as xenomas,which are full of spores.Given their large size,what should be true of the xenomas?

Genetic variation in fungi occurs through

Which description does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores?

Arrange the following from largest to smallest. 1)ascospore 2)ascocarp 3)ascomycete 4)ascus

Which of the following are protists,the organisms thought to share the closest ancestor with the chytrids?

Fungi differ from other heterotrophic organisms in which way?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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