Question 1

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Accepted Answer

A) the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B) the patterns of alternative splicing 
C) the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D) the movement of transposable elements within the genome 
E) the number of short tandem repeats 
A) the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B) the patterns of alternative splicing 
C) the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D) the movement of transposable elements within the genome 
E) the number of short tandem repeats

Question 2

Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach,how are sequences assembled into chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

A) by placing sequences on previously generated genetic maps 
B) by cloning sequences into plasmid vectors 
C) by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
D) by cloning sequences into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously generated genetic maps, followed by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
E) by ligating sequence fragments together 
A) by placing sequences on previously generated genetic maps 
B) by cloning sequences into plasmid vectors 
C) by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
D) by cloning sequences into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously generated genetic maps, followed by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
E) by ligating sequence fragments together

Question 3

What is most likely if genes from different species are determined to be homologous?

Accepted Answer

A) The genes descended from a common ancestor. 
B) Homology is observed because of convergent evolution. 
C) The homology is a result of chance mutations. 
D) Homology is found in gene structure but the function of the gene products will be different. 
E) The species being compared will also have a similar genome size and structure. 
A) The genes descended from a common ancestor. 
B) Homology is observed because of convergent evolution. 
C) The homology is a result of chance mutations. 
D) Homology is found in gene structure but the function of the gene products will be different. 
E) The species being compared will also have a similar genome size and structure.

Question 4

The biggest problem with the shotgun technique is its tendency to underestimate the size of the genome.Which of the following might best account for this?

Accepted Answer

A) skipping some of the clones to be sequenced 
B) missing some of the overlapping regions of the clones 
C) counting some of the overlapping regions of the clones twice 
D) having some of the clones die during the experiment and therefore not be represented 
E) short repetitive sequences hinder reassembly 
A) skipping some of the clones to be sequenced 
B) missing some of the overlapping regions of the clones 
C) counting some of the overlapping regions of the clones twice 
D) having some of the clones die during the experiment and therefore not be represented 
E) short repetitive sequences hinder reassembly

Question 5

Use the following figure to answer the next few questions.
   
This figure shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse.
-Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans,but at different times in development.What mechanism could allow for this?

Accepted Answer

A) exon shuffling 
B) intron activation 
C) pseudogene activation 
D) differential translation of mRNAs 
E) differential gene regulation over time 
A) exon shuffling 
B) intron activation 
C) pseudogene activation 
D) differential translation of mRNAs 
E) differential gene regulation over time

Question 6

If genome size varies,with humans at 2900 Mb,a specific member of the lily family at 120 000 Mb,and a yeast at 13 Mb,what does this tell us?

Accepted Answer

A) Size matters less than gene density. 
B) Size does not compare to gene density. 
C) Size is not correlated with the organism's phenotype. 
D) Size is mostly due to "junk" DNA. 
E) Size is comparable only within phyla. 
A) Size matters less than gene density. 
B) Size does not compare to gene density. 
C) Size is not correlated with the organism's phenotype. 
D) Size is mostly due to "junk" DNA. 
E) Size is comparable only within phyla.

Question 7

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
You have isolated a gene sequence from the mustard plant Arabidopsis and have BLAST searched the NCBI database.Your sequence hit several EST sequences that were identified as transcription factors.These sequences were found in E.coli,Chlamydomonas (a green algae),yeast,mice,and humans and only had a few base pair differences.
-What can be said about this sequence?

Accepted Answer

A) It appears to be highly conserved. 
B) It has had many duplication events. 
C) It is an ancient gene. 
D) This sequence has been transposed to other species. 
E) It must be junk DNA. 
A) It appears to be highly conserved. 
B) It has had many duplication events. 
C) It is an ancient gene. 
D) This sequence has been transposed to other species. 
E) It must be junk DNA.

Question 8

The α-globin and β-globin gene families are found on different chromosomes in humans.What is the suspected reason for this?

Accepted Answer

A) They evolved at different times. 
B) There was a gene duplication event. 
C) The α-globin originally coded for a different protein family. 
D) Our ancestors didn't use the α-globin genes. 
E) They were originally on the same chromosome but one set was moved via transposable elements. 
A) They evolved at different times. 
B) There was a gene duplication event. 
C) The α-globin originally coded for a different protein family. 
D) Our ancestors didn't use the α-globin genes. 
E) They were originally on the same chromosome but one set was moved via transposable elements.

Question 9

A consortium of 25 Canadian scientists,led by Dr.Rudnicki at the University of Ottawa,is looking at gene expression in both ________ cells.This is important in understanding regenerative medicine.

Accepted Answer

A) embryonic and adult stem 
B) muscle and nervous tissue 
C) RNA and DNA in 
D) differentiation and post-fertilized 
E) transposable elements and heterochromatin 
A) embryonic and adult stem 
B) muscle and nervous tissue 
C) RNA and DNA in 
D) differentiation and post-fertilized 
E) transposable elements and heterochromatin

Question 10

How do transposable elements and short tandem repeats (STRs)differ?

Accepted Answer

A) STRs occur within exons; transposable elements occur within introns. 
B) STRs occur within introns; transposable elements occur within exons. 
C) The repeated unit in STRs is clustered one after another; transposable element repeats are scattered throughout the genome. 
D) The repeated unit in STRs is much larger than the repeated unit of transposable elements. 
E) STRs are found in eukaryotes; transposable elements are found in prokaryotes. 
A) STRs occur within exons; transposable elements occur within introns. 
B) STRs occur within introns; transposable elements occur within exons. 
C) The repeated unit in STRs is clustered one after another; transposable element repeats are scattered throughout the genome. 
D) The repeated unit in STRs is much larger than the repeated unit of transposable elements. 
E) STRs are found in eukaryotes; transposable elements are found in prokaryotes.

Question 11

The large common repository for genetic sequences hosted by NCBI is called

Accepted Answer

A) GenBank. 
B) BLAST. 
C) GenesRus. 
D) Prodata. 
E) TreeNoMix. 
A) GenBank. 
B) BLAST. 
C) GenesRus. 
D) Prodata. 
E) TreeNoMix.

Question 12

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths,amplified,and sequenced.These can now be used to

Accepted Answer

A) introduce into relatives, such as elephants, certain mammoth traits. 
B) clone live woolly mammoths. 
C) study the relationships among woolly mammoths and other wool-producers. 
D) understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa. 
E) appreciate the reasons why mammoths went extinct. 
A) introduce into relatives, such as elephants, certain mammoth traits. 
B) clone live woolly mammoths. 
C) study the relationships among woolly mammoths and other wool-producers. 
D) understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa. 
E) appreciate the reasons why mammoths went extinct.

Question 13

Which of the following studies would not likely be characterized as evo-devo?

Accepted Answer

A) the study of a particular species to see whether or not it has developmental regulation 
B) a study of the assortment of homeotic genes in the zebra 
C) a comparison of the functions of a particular homeotic gene among four species of reptiles 
D) a study of the environmental pressures on developmental stages such as the tadpole 
E) a fossil comparison of organisms from the Devonian era 
A) the study of a particular species to see whether or not it has developmental regulation 
B) a study of the assortment of homeotic genes in the zebra 
C) a comparison of the functions of a particular homeotic gene among four species of reptiles 
D) a study of the environmental pressures on developmental stages such as the tadpole 
E) a fossil comparison of organisms from the Devonian era

Question 14

Why might the cricket genome have 11 times as many base pairs as that of Drosophila melanogaster?

Accepted Answer

A) The two insect species evolved at very different geologic eras. 
B) Crickets have higher gene density. 
C) Drosophila are more complex organisms. 
D) Crickets must have more noncoding DNA. 
E) Crickets must make many more proteins. 
A) The two insect species evolved at very different geologic eras. 
B) Crickets have higher gene density. 
C) Drosophila are more complex organisms. 
D) Crickets must have more noncoding DNA. 
E) Crickets must make many more proteins.

Question 15

Alu elements account for about 10% of the human genome.What are Alu elements?

Accepted Answer

A) noncoding regions 
B) viral remnants 
C) transposable elements 
D) short sequences that code for RNA 
E) transposons that code for RNA 
A) noncoding regions 
B) viral remnants 
C) transposable elements 
D) short sequences that code for RNA 
E) transposons that code for RNA

Question 16

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
You have isolated a gene sequence from the mustard plant Arabidopsis and have BLAST searched the NCBI database.Your sequence hit several EST sequences that were identified as transcription factors.These sequences were found in E.coli,Chlamydomonas (a green algae),yeast,mice,and humans and only had a few base pair differences.
-When you compared your sequence to the database,what were you practising?

Accepted Answer

A) good science 
B) proteomics 
C) bioinformatics 
D) computer skills 
E) shotgun research 
A) good science 
B) proteomics 
C) bioinformatics 
D) computer skills 
E) shotgun research

Question 17

Bioinformatics can be used to scan sequences for probable genes looking for start and stop sites for transcription and for translation,for probable splice sites,and for sequences that specify known mRNAs.Such sequences containing these elements are called

Accepted Answer

A) expressed sequence tags. 
B) cDNA. 
C) multigene families. 
D) proteomes. 
E) short tandem repeats. 
A) expressed sequence tags. 
B) cDNA. 
C) multigene families. 
D) proteomes. 
E) short tandem repeats.

Question 18

A project initiated at the University of Guelph is attempting to catalogue the differences of a short sequence within the mitochondrial DNA in all animal species.This ________ should allow the quick identification of a species.

Accepted Answer

A) shotgun approach 
B) DNA barcoding 
C) microarray 
D) genechip 
E) STR DNA 
A) shotgun approach 
B) DNA barcoding 
C) microarray 
D) genechip 
E) STR DNA

Question 19

What is the benefit of metagenomics?

Accepted Answer

A) A community assemblage can be determined through mass sequencing and each specific species does not have to be isolated and cultured. 
B) High throughput sequencing allows for faster identification of the genome. 
C) It allows for a systems approach to genomics, relating parts of the organism to other parts. 
D) It combines bioinformatics with genomics to get a clearer picture. 
E) Many labs can work on the same problem and place the information into a shared database. 
A) A community assemblage can be determined through mass sequencing and each specific species does not have to be isolated and cultured. 
B) High throughput sequencing allows for faster identification of the genome. 
C) It allows for a systems approach to genomics, relating parts of the organism to other parts. 
D) It combines bioinformatics with genomics to get a clearer picture. 
E) Many labs can work on the same problem and place the information into a shared database.

Question 20

The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions,including

Accepted Answer

A) the density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
B) the number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes. 
C) most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. 
D) the genomes of other organisms are most significantly smaller than the human genome. 
A) the density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
B) the number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes. 
C) most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. 
D) the genomes of other organisms are most significantly smaller than the human genome.

Exam 21: Genomes and Their Evolution

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach,how are sequences assembled into chromosomes?

What is most likely if genes from different species are determined to be homologous?

The biggest problem with the shotgun technique is its tendency to underestimate the size of the genome.Which of the following might best account for this?

If genome size varies,with humans at 2900 Mb,a specific member of the lily family at 120 000 Mb,and a yeast at 13 Mb,what does this tell us?

The α-globin and β-globin gene families are found on different chromosomes in humans.What is the suspected reason for this?

A consortium of 25 Canadian scientists,led by Dr.Rudnicki at the University of Ottawa,is looking at gene expression in both ________ cells.This is important in understanding regenerative medicine.

How do transposable elements and short tandem repeats (STRs)differ?

The large common repository for genetic sequences hosted by NCBI is called

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths,amplified,and sequenced.These can now be used to

Which of the following studies would not likely be characterized as evo-devo?

Why might the cricket genome have 11 times as many base pairs as that of Drosophila melanogaster?

Alu elements account for about 10% of the human genome.What are Alu elements?

Bioinformatics can be used to scan sequences for probable genes looking for start and stop sites for transcription and for translation,for probable splice sites,and for sequences that specify known mRNAs.Such sequences containing these elements are called

A project initiated at the University of Guelph is attempting to catalogue the differences of a short sequence within the mitochondrial DNA in all animal species.This ________ should allow the quick identification of a species.

What is the benefit of metagenomics?

The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions,including

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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