Question 1

RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA polymerases do not require a template. 
B)  RNA polymerases use deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. 
C)  DNA polymerases use ribonucleoside triphospates as substrates. 
D)  RNA polymerases do not have a proofreading function. 
E)  only DNA polymerases are processive. 
A)  RNA polymerases do not require a template. 
B)  RNA polymerases use deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. 
C)  DNA polymerases use ribonucleoside triphospates as substrates. 
D)  RNA polymerases do not have a proofreading function. 
E)  only DNA polymerases are processive.

Question 2

When eukaryotic DNA is hybridized with mRNA, the hybrid molecules contain loops of double-stranded DNA, which are

Accepted Answer

A)  retroviruses. 
B)  introns. 
C)  exons. 
D)  transcripts. 
E)  puffs. 
A)  retroviruses. 
B)  introns. 
C)  exons. 
D)  transcripts. 
E)  puffs.

Question 3

How is it possible for single-stranded RNA to fold into complex shapes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phosphodiester linkages form between the phosphate and the sugar ribose. 
B)  Internal base pairings make this possible: adenine with uracil and cytosine with guanine. 
C)  Uracil's methyl group binds to adenine, spiraling the molecule. 
D)  The single strand "twists" around itself. 
E)  The RNA binds to proteins, creating a conformation (three-dimensional shape). 
A)  Phosphodiester linkages form between the phosphate and the sugar ribose. 
B)  Internal base pairings make this possible: adenine with uracil and cytosine with guanine. 
C)  Uracil's methyl group binds to adenine, spiraling the molecule. 
D)  The single strand "twists" around itself. 
E)  The RNA binds to proteins, creating a conformation (three-dimensional shape).

Question 4

How can DNA, which is made up of only four different bases, encode the information necessary to specify the workings of an entire organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA molecules are extremely long. 
B)  DNA molecules form codons of three bases that code for amino acids. 
C)  The genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous. 
D)  DNA can be replicated with low error rates. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  DNA molecules are extremely long. 
B)  DNA molecules form codons of three bases that code for amino acids. 
C)  The genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous. 
D)  DNA can be replicated with low error rates. 
E)  All of the above

Question 5

RNA polymerase uses the _______ DNA template to synthesize a _______ mRNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  5´ to 3´; 5´ to 3´ 
B)  3´ to 5´; 3´ to 5´ 
C)  5´ to 3´; 3´ to 5´ 
D)  3´ to 5´; 5´ to 3´ 
E)  Examples of all of the above have been found. 
A)  5´ to 3´; 5´ to 3´ 
B)  3´ to 5´; 3´ to 5´ 
C)  5´ to 3´; 3´ to 5´ 
D)  3´ to 5´; 5´ to 3´ 
E)  Examples of all of the above have been found.

Question 6

The guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cap that is added to the 5´ end of primary mRNA

Accepted Answer

A)  contains all the coding and noncoding sequences of the DNA template. 
B)  provides the mRNA molecule with a poly A tail. 
C)  facilitates the binding of mRNA to ribosomes. 
D)  forms hydrogen bonds. 
E)  helps transfer amino acids to the ribosomes. 
A)  contains all the coding and noncoding sequences of the DNA template. 
B)  provides the mRNA molecule with a poly A tail. 
C)  facilitates the binding of mRNA to ribosomes. 
D)  forms hydrogen bonds. 
E)  helps transfer amino acids to the ribosomes.

Question 7

The addition of sugar residues to the protein after translation is called

Accepted Answer

A)  glycation. 
B)  glycosylation. 
C)  phosphorylation. 
D)  proteolysis. 
E)  exonuclease digestion. 
A)  glycation. 
B)  glycosylation. 
C)  phosphorylation. 
D)  proteolysis. 
E)  exonuclease digestion.

Question 8

The strand of DNA that is transcribed into RNA is the _______ strand.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The strand of DNA that is transcribed...

Question 9

The excess of codons (64) over amino acids (20) indicates that the genetic code is _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The excess of codons (64) over amino...

Question 10

Which of the following statements about transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  tRNAs are the adapter molecules proposed by Crick. 
B)  tRNAs are not specific for the amino acids they bind. 
C)  tRNAs interact with mRNA. 
D)  tRNAs interact with ribsomes. 
E)  ATP is required for the charging of tRNAs with amino acids. 
A)  tRNAs are the adapter molecules proposed by Crick. 
B)  tRNAs are not specific for the amino acids they bind. 
C)  tRNAs interact with mRNA. 
D)  tRNAs interact with ribsomes. 
E)  ATP is required for the charging of tRNAs with amino acids.

Question 11

The adapters that allow translation of the four-letter nucleic acid language into the 20-letter protein language are called

Accepted Answer

A)  aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. 
B)  transfer RNAs. 
C)  ribosomal RNAs. 
D)  messenger RNAs. 
E)  ribosomes. 
A)  aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. 
B)  transfer RNAs. 
C)  ribosomal RNAs. 
D)  messenger RNAs. 
E)  ribosomes.

Question 12

RNA processing in eukaryotes involves the

Accepted Answer

A)  addition of a G cap. 
B)  addition of a poly A tail. 
C)  removal of introns. 
D)  splicing of exons. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  addition of a G cap. 
B)  addition of a poly A tail. 
C)  removal of introns. 
D)  splicing of exons. 
E)  All of the above

Question 13

A Neurospora mutant cannot grow unless the amino acid, leucine, is added to its growth medium. This strain

Accepted Answer

A)  is dependent on leucine metabolism for energy. 
B)  is an auxotroph. 
C)  is a prototroph. 
D)  cannot synthesize any amino acids. 
E)  needs leucine as a growth hormone. 
A)  is dependent on leucine metabolism for energy. 
B)  is an auxotroph. 
C)  is a prototroph. 
D)  cannot synthesize any amino acids. 
E)  needs leucine as a growth hormone.

Question 14

Which of the following molecules transfers information from mRNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA 
B)  mRNA 
C)  tRNA 
D)  Proteins 
E)  Lipids 
A)  DNA 
B)  mRNA 
C)  tRNA 
D)  Proteins 
E)  Lipids

Question 15

The genetic code is best described as

Accepted Answer

A)  redundant but not ambiguous. 
B)  ambiguous but not redundant. 
C)  both ambiguous and redundant. 
D)  neither ambiguous nor redundant. 
E)  nonsense. 
A)  redundant but not ambiguous. 
B)  ambiguous but not redundant. 
C)  both ambiguous and redundant. 
D)  neither ambiguous nor redundant. 
E)  nonsense.

Question 16

snRNPs are

Accepted Answer

A)  exon-intron boundary regions. 
B)  small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. 
C)  protein fragments removed from snRNA molecules. 
D)  signal ribosomal nuclear proteins. 
E)  glucose-conjugated trapezoids. 
A)  exon-intron boundary regions. 
B)  small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. 
C)  protein fragments removed from snRNA molecules. 
D)  signal ribosomal nuclear proteins. 
E)  glucose-conjugated trapezoids.

Question 17

What would happen if the tRNA synthase for tryptophan added a phenylalanine to the tryptophan tRNAs instead of tryptophan?

Accepted Answer

If the tRNA synthetase for tryptophan ad

Question 18

Nucleic acid hybridization

Accepted Answer

A)  is used to study the relationship between eukaryotic genes and their transcripts. 
B)  requires that the original DNA molecule be denatured. 
C)  involves the use of a probe to form a double-stranded molecule. 
D)  originally revealed the existence of introns. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  is used to study the relationship between eukaryotic genes and their transcripts. 
B)  requires that the original DNA molecule be denatured. 
C)  involves the use of a probe to form a double-stranded molecule. 
D)  originally revealed the existence of introns. 
E)  All of the above

Question 19

Normally, Neurospora can synthesize all 20 amino acids. A certain strain of this mold cannot grow in minimal nutritional medium, but grows only when the amino acid leucine is added to the medium. This strain

Accepted Answer

A)  is dependent on leucine for energy. 
B)  has a mutation affecting a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of carbohydrates. 
C)  has a mutation affecting the biochemical pathways leading to the synthesis of all 20 amino acids. 
D)  has a mutation affecting the biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of leucine. 
E)  has a mutation affecting the biochemical pathways leading to the syntheses of 19 of the 20 amino acids. 
A)  is dependent on leucine for energy. 
B)  has a mutation affecting a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of carbohydrates. 
C)  has a mutation affecting the biochemical pathways leading to the synthesis of all 20 amino acids. 
D)  has a mutation affecting the biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of leucine. 
E)  has a mutation affecting the biochemical pathways leading to the syntheses of 19 of the 20 amino acids.

Question 20

The "central dogma" of molecular biology states that

Accepted Answer

A)  information flow between DNA, RNA, and protein is reversible. 
B)  information flow in the cell is unidirectional, from protein to RNA to DNA. 
C)  information flow in the cell is unidirectional, from DNA to RNA to protein. 
D)  the DNA sequence of a gene can be predicted if we know the amino acid sequence of the protein it encodes. 
E)  the genetic code is ambiguous but not degenerate. 
A)  information flow between DNA, RNA, and protein is reversible. 
B)  information flow in the cell is unidirectional, from protein to RNA to DNA. 
C)  information flow in the cell is unidirectional, from DNA to RNA to protein. 
D)  the DNA sequence of a gene can be predicted if we know the amino acid sequence of the protein it encodes. 
E)  the genetic code is ambiguous but not degenerate.

Exam 14: From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that

When eukaryotic DNA is hybridized with mRNA, the hybrid molecules contain loops of double-stranded DNA, which are

How is it possible for single-stranded RNA to fold into complex shapes?

How can DNA, which is made up of only four different bases, encode the information necessary to specify the workings of an entire organism?

RNA polymerase uses the _______ DNA template to synthesize a _______ mRNA.

The guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cap that is added to the 5´ end of primary mRNA

The addition of sugar residues to the protein after translation is called

The strand of DNA that is transcribed into RNA is the _______ strand.

The excess of codons (64) over amino acids (20) indicates that the genetic code is _______.

Which of the following statements about transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is false?

The adapters that allow translation of the four-letter nucleic acid language into the 20-letter protein language are called

RNA processing in eukaryotes involves the

A Neurospora mutant cannot grow unless the amino acid, leucine, is added to its growth medium. This strain

Which of the following molecules transfers information from mRNA to protein?

The genetic code is best described as

snRNPs are

What would happen if the tRNA synthase for tryptophan added a phenylalanine to the tryptophan tRNAs instead of tryptophan?

Nucleic acid hybridization

Normally, Neurospora can synthesize all 20 amino acids. A certain strain of this mold cannot grow in minimal nutritional medium, but grows only when the amino acid leucine is added to the medium. This strain

The "central dogma" of molecular biology states that

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

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Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

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Species and Their Formation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

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The Plant Body

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Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

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The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

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RNA polymerase uses the _ DNA template to synthesize a _ mRNA.