Question 1

Which of the following are model organisms used in biological research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pea plants 
B)  Fruit flies 
C)  E. coli 
D)  Bread mold 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Pea plants 
B)  Fruit flies 
C)  E. coli 
D)  Bread mold 
E)  All of the above

Question 2

Genes code for

Accepted Answer

A)  enzymes. 
B)  polypeptides. 
C)  RNA. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  enzymes. 
B)  polypeptides. 
C)  RNA. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 3

What are the three processes that must be completed before transcripts can be translated in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Binding of snRNPs, addition of a poly A tail, splicing of introns 
B)  Binding of snRNPs, transporting, synthesizing of ribose 
C)  Capping, transporting, synthesizing of ribose 
D)  Binding of snRNPs, capping, splicing 
E)  Splicing, capping, addition of a poly A tail 
A)  Binding of snRNPs, addition of a poly A tail, splicing of introns 
B)  Binding of snRNPs, transporting, synthesizing of ribose 
C)  Capping, transporting, synthesizing of ribose 
D)  Binding of snRNPs, capping, splicing 
E)  Splicing, capping, addition of a poly A tail

Question 4

A sequence of three RNA bases can function as

Accepted Answer

A)  a codon. 
B)  an anticodon. 
C)  a gene. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c 
A)  a codon. 
B)  an anticodon. 
C)  a gene. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c

Question 5

Ribosomes

Accepted Answer

A)  are not found in prokaryotes. 
B)  carry genetic information. 
C)  carry out translation. 
D)  contain RNA only. 
E)  have no role in the fidelity of mRNA and tRNA interactions. 
A)  are not found in prokaryotes. 
B)  carry genetic information. 
C)  carry out translation. 
D)  contain RNA only. 
E)  have no role in the fidelity of mRNA and tRNA interactions.

Question 6

Certain agents, such as X rays, that are known to cause mutations are referred to as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Certain agents, such as X rays, that...

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct order of events by which a protein is delivered to its cellular destination?

Accepted Answer

A)  A signal sequence binds to a docking protein, a membrane channel is formed, chaperonins unfold the protein, the protein enters the organelle, and the protein refolds. 
B)  A membrane channel is formed, a signal sequence binds to a docking protein, chaperonins unfold the protein, the protein enters the organelle, and the protein refolds. 
C)  Chaperonins unfold the protein, a signal sequence binds to a docking protein, a membrane channel is formed, the protein enters the organelle, and the protein refolds. 
D)  A membrane channel is formed, chaperonins unfold the protein, a signal sequence binds to a docking protein, the protein enters the organelle, and the protein refolds. 
E)  A signal sequence binds to a docking protein, a transmembrane-gated channel opens, and the protein enters the organelle. 
A)  A signal sequence binds to a docking protein, a membrane channel is formed, chaperonins unfold the protein, the protein enters the organelle, and the protein refolds. 
B)  A membrane channel is formed, a signal sequence binds to a docking protein, chaperonins unfold the protein, the protein enters the organelle, and the protein refolds. 
C)  Chaperonins unfold the protein, a signal sequence binds to a docking protein, a membrane channel is formed, the protein enters the organelle, and the protein refolds. 
D)  A membrane channel is formed, chaperonins unfold the protein, a signal sequence binds to a docking protein, the protein enters the organelle, and the protein refolds. 
E)  A signal sequence binds to a docking protein, a transmembrane-gated channel opens, and the protein enters the organelle.

Question 8

In eukaryotes, the first amino acid in a growing polypeptide chain is always _______ because the only codon for this amino acid is also the _______. This amino acid is not always the first amino acid in a processed protein because of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  methionine; start codon; proteolysis 
B)  methionine; stop codon; proteolysis 
C)  alanine; start codon; glycosylation 
D)  alanine; stop codon; proteolysis 
E)  methionine; start codon; glycosylation 
A)  methionine; start codon; proteolysis 
B)  methionine; stop codon; proteolysis 
C)  alanine; start codon; glycosylation 
D)  alanine; stop codon; proteolysis 
E)  methionine; start codon; glycosylation

Question 9

The modified G cap on eukaryotic mRNAs is found

Accepted Answer

A)  at the 5´ end. 
B)  at the 3´ end. 
C)  in the consensus sequence. 
D)  in the poly A tail. 
E)  in snRNA. 
A)  at the 5´ end. 
B)  at the 3´ end. 
C)  in the consensus sequence. 
D)  in the poly A tail. 
E)  in snRNA.

Question 10

The portion of the tRNA molecule that complementary base-pairs with the mRNA is called the _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The portion of the tRNA molecule that...

Question 11

Small ribosomal subunits will disperse into smaller components when placed in a detergent solution. Upon removal of the detergent, the components will interact to create new intact subunits by a process called _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Small ribosomal subunits will disperse into smaller...

Question 12

The process of transcription synthesizes

Accepted Answer

A)  transfer RNA. 
B)  messenger RNA. 
C)  ribosomal RNA. 
D)  proteins. 
E)  a, b, and c 
A)  transfer RNA. 
B)  messenger RNA. 
C)  ribosomal RNA. 
D)  proteins. 
E)  a, b, and c

Question 13

Retroviruses do not follow the "central dogma" of DNA $\to$  RNA $\to$  protein because they

Accepted Answer

A)  contain RNA that is used to make DNA. 
B)  contain DNA that is used to make more RNA. 
C)  contain DNA that is used to make tRNA. 
D)  contain only DNA as the genetic material. 
E)  do not contain either DNA or RNA as the genetic material. 
A)  contain RNA that is used to make DNA. 
B)  contain DNA that is used to make more RNA. 
C)  contain DNA that is used to make tRNA. 
D)  contain only DNA as the genetic material. 
E)  do not contain either DNA or RNA as the genetic material.

Question 14

In protein synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum

Accepted Answer

A)  is the site where mRNA attaches. 
B)  is the site where all ribosomes bind. 
C)  is the site of translation of membrane-bound and exported proteins. 
D)  produces tRNAs. 
E)  brings together mRNA and tRNA. 
A)  is the site where mRNA attaches. 
B)  is the site where all ribosomes bind. 
C)  is the site of translation of membrane-bound and exported proteins. 
D)  produces tRNAs. 
E)  brings together mRNA and tRNA.

Question 15

Which part of the tRNA base-pairs with the codon in the mRNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  The 3´ end, where the amino acid is covalently attached 
B)  The 5´ end 
C)  The anticodon 
D)  The start codon 
E)  The promoter 
A)  The 3´ end, where the amino acid is covalently attached 
B)  The 5´ end 
C)  The anticodon 
D)  The start codon 
E)  The promoter

Question 16

The stop codons code for

Accepted Answer

A)  no amino acid. 
B)  methionine. 
C)  glycine. 
D)  halt enzyme. 
E)  DNA binding protein. 
A)  no amino acid. 
B)  methionine. 
C)  glycine. 
D)  halt enzyme. 
E)  DNA binding protein.

Question 17

Errors in transcription are not as potentially harmful as errors in DNA replication because

Accepted Answer

A)  many copies of RNA are made. 
B)  RNA strands have a relatively short life span. 
C)  RNA polymerases proofread and correct the errors. 
D)  a and b are correct 
E)  a, b, and c are correct 
A)  many copies of RNA are made. 
B)  RNA strands have a relatively short life span. 
C)  RNA polymerases proofread and correct the errors. 
D)  a and b are correct 
E)  a, b, and c are correct

Question 18

In the elongation stage of translation,

Accepted Answer

A)  the message is read from a 3' to 5' direction. 
B)  the polypeptide chain grows from a C-terminal to N-terminal direction. 
C)  peptidyl transferase activity is catalyzed by a ribosomal protein. 
D)  rRNA plays a passive role. 
E)  rRNA is catalytically active. 
A)  the message is read from a 3' to 5' direction. 
B)  the polypeptide chain grows from a C-terminal to N-terminal direction. 
C)  peptidyl transferase activity is catalyzed by a ribosomal protein. 
D)  rRNA plays a passive role. 
E)  rRNA is catalytically active.

Question 19

Transcription in prokaryotic cells

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs in the nucleus, whereas translation occurs in the cytoplasm. 
B)  is initiated at a start codon with the help of initiation factors and the small subunit of the ribosome. 
C)  is initiated at a promoter and uses only one strand of DNA (the template strand) to synthesize a complementary RNA strand. 
D)  is terminated at stop codons. 
E)  is initiated at an ori site on the chromosome. 
A)  occurs in the nucleus, whereas translation occurs in the cytoplasm. 
B)  is initiated at a start codon with the help of initiation factors and the small subunit of the ribosome. 
C)  is initiated at a promoter and uses only one strand of DNA (the template strand) to synthesize a complementary RNA strand. 
D)  is terminated at stop codons. 
E)  is initiated at an ori site on the chromosome.

Question 20

Sometimes an antibiotic that has worked before no longer works because mutations in the bacterial genes have altered the amino acid sequence in the proteins so their three-dimensional structures will no longer bind to the antibiotic. This phenomenon is known as _______.

Accepted Answer

antibiotic

Exam 14: From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Which of the following are model organisms used in biological research?

Genes code for

What are the three processes that must be completed before transcripts can be translated in eukaryotes?

A sequence of three RNA bases can function as

Ribosomes

Certain agents, such as X rays, that are known to cause mutations are referred to as _______.

Which of the following is the correct order of events by which a protein is delivered to its cellular destination?

In eukaryotes, the first amino acid in a growing polypeptide chain is always _______ because the only codon for this amino acid is also the _______. This amino acid is not always the first amino acid in a processed protein because of _______.

The modified G cap on eukaryotic mRNAs is found

The portion of the tRNA molecule that complementary base-pairs with the mRNA is called the _______.

Small ribosomal subunits will disperse into smaller components when placed in a detergent solution. Upon removal of the detergent, the components will interact to create new intact subunits by a process called _______.

The process of transcription synthesizes

Retroviruses do not follow the "central dogma" of DNA →\to→ RNA →\to→ protein because they

In protein synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum

Which part of the tRNA base-pairs with the codon in the mRNA?

The stop codons code for

Errors in transcription are not as potentially harmful as errors in DNA replication because

In the elongation stage of translation,

Transcription in prokaryotic cells

Sometimes an antibiotic that has worked before no longer works because mutations in the bacterial genes have altered the amino acid sequence in the proteins so their three-dimensional structures will no longer bind to the antibiotic. This phenomenon is known as _______.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Distribution of Life

Population Ecology

Species Interaction and Coevolution

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Conservation Biology

Filters

In eukaryotes, the first amino acid in a growing polypeptide chain is always ___ because the only codon for this amino acid is also the _. This amino acid is not always the first amino acid in a processed protein because of _____.

Retroviruses do not follow the "central dogma" of DNA $\to$ RNA $\to$ protein because they