Question 1

Which of the following phenomena below is not affected by day (or night) length?

Accepted Answer

A)  Induction of the flowering of many plants 
B)  Insect development and reproduction 
C)  Plant development 
D)  Seasonal breeding in some animals 
E)  Sex determination in the red-eared slider turtle 
A)  Induction of the flowering of many plants 
B)  Insect development and reproduction 
C)  Plant development 
D)  Seasonal breeding in some animals 
E)  Sex determination in the red-eared slider turtle

Question 2

_______ genes are involved in the development of the anterior-posterior axis in mammals and insects.

Accepted Answer

A)  Developmental plasticity 
B)  Heterochrony 
C)  Hox 
D)  Pax6 
E)  Gremlin 
A)  Developmental plasticity 
B)  Heterochrony 
C)  Hox 
D)  Pax6 
E)  Gremlin

Question 3

The graphs below show the reproductive successes of male and female jacky dragons that had been reared at different temperatures. Based on the graph, which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sex determination was manipulated by the effects of hormones. 
B)  Rearing temperature had different effects on the reproductive successes of males and females. 
C)  At every temperature treatment, the sex with the higher reproductive success was the sex that would normally develop at that temperature. 
D)  At the lowest temperature, females have a greater reproductive success than males do. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false. 
A)  Sex determination was manipulated by the effects of hormones. 
B)  Rearing temperature had different effects on the reproductive successes of males and females. 
C)  At every temperature treatment, the sex with the higher reproductive success was the sex that would normally develop at that temperature. 
D)  At the lowest temperature, females have a greater reproductive success than males do. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 4

If a genetic change in turtles led to aromatase being more active than usual, which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  More females would be produced, because aromatase disrupts the production of testosterone from cholesterol. 
B)  More females would be produced, because aromatase converts testosterone into estrogen. 
C)  More females would be produced, because aromatase disrupts the conversion of estrogen into testosterone. 
D)  More males would be produced, because aromatase converts estrogen into testosterone. 
E)  More males would be produced, because aromatase prevents testosterone from being converted into estrogen. 
A)  More females would be produced, because aromatase disrupts the production of testosterone from cholesterol. 
B)  More females would be produced, because aromatase converts testosterone into estrogen. 
C)  More females would be produced, because aromatase disrupts the conversion of estrogen into testosterone. 
D)  More males would be produced, because aromatase converts estrogen into testosterone. 
E)  More males would be produced, because aromatase prevents testosterone from being converted into estrogen.

Question 5

Genetic determinism is the tenet that the genotype is responsible for phenotypic traits. The prevalence of which of the following phenomena best argues against pure genetic determinism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heterochrony 
B)  Modularity 
C)  Parallel phenotypic evolution 
D)  Developmental plasticity 
E)  Homology 
A)  Heterochrony 
B)  Modularity 
C)  Parallel phenotypic evolution 
D)  Developmental plasticity 
E)  Homology

Question 6

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  All bird embryos have webbed feet, although some adult birds do not. 
B)  Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) directs cells in the foot webbing of bird embryos to undergo apoptosis. 
C)  The protein Gremlin inhibits BMP4 protein from signaling for apoptosis, causing webbed feet. 
D)  The gene Gremlin is expressed in the webbing of both chicken and duck embryos. 
E)  Adding the protein Gremlin to a developing chicken foot will cause the foot to resemble that of a duck. 
A)  All bird embryos have webbed feet, although some adult birds do not. 
B)  Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) directs cells in the foot webbing of bird embryos to undergo apoptosis. 
C)  The protein Gremlin inhibits BMP4 protein from signaling for apoptosis, causing webbed feet. 
D)  The gene Gremlin is expressed in the webbing of both chicken and duck embryos. 
E)  Adding the protein Gremlin to a developing chicken foot will cause the foot to resemble that of a duck.

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions :
The diagram below shows the association of phenotype and gene expression patterns in five different species. The top portion shows the phylogeny of the five species; below the phylogeny are the phenotypes of the five species; and at the bottom are the expression patterns for three different genes (genes 1, 2, and 3) at two different time points in development (early and late), and in two different locations in the embryo (top and bottom).  
-Which of the following would most likely lead to species A looking like species B?

Accepted Answer

A)  Loss of a repressor of gene 1 
B)  Loss of a repressor of gene 2 
C)  Loss of a repressor of gene 3 
D)  Gain of a repressor of gene 1 
E)  Gain of a repressor of gene 2 
A)  Loss of a repressor of gene 1 
B)  Loss of a repressor of gene 2 
C)  Loss of a repressor of gene 3 
D)  Gain of a repressor of gene 1 
E)  Gain of a repressor of gene 2

Question 8

The Pax6 gene in mammals and the eyeless gene in flies are both _______ genes.

Accepted Answer

A)  heterochronic 
B)  developmentally plastic 
C)  homologous 
D)  diapause 
E)  modular 
A)  heterochronic 
B)  developmentally plastic 
C)  homologous 
D)  diapause 
E)  modular

Question 9

Modularity is important for development because it

Accepted Answer

A)  guarantees that all units of a developing embryo will change in a coordinated way. 
B)  coordinates the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo. 
C)  allows changes in developmental genes to change one part of the body without affecting other parts. 
D)  guarantees that the timing of gene expression is the same in all parts of a developing embryo. 
E)  allows organisms to be built up one module at a time. 
A)  guarantees that all units of a developing embryo will change in a coordinated way. 
B)  coordinates the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo. 
C)  allows changes in developmental genes to change one part of the body without affecting other parts. 
D)  guarantees that the timing of gene expression is the same in all parts of a developing embryo. 
E)  allows organisms to be built up one module at a time.

Question 10

The process whereby changes in the timing of developmental events can change the form of an organism is called

Accepted Answer

A)  heterochrony. 
B)  developmental plasticity. 
C)  adaptation. 
D)  modularity. 
E)  mutation. 
A)  heterochrony. 
B)  developmental plasticity. 
C)  adaptation. 
D)  modularity. 
E)  mutation.

Question 11

Which of the following conclusions emerged from the studies performed by Walter Gehring and his colleagues on Drosophila eyes?

Accepted Answer

A)  The DNA sequence of the Pax6 gene of mice and the eyeless gene of flies is similar. 
B)  The Pax6 gene of mice can substitute for the eyeless gene in the process of eye development in flies. 
C)  Fly eyes look like mammalian eyes. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  The DNA sequence of the Pax6 gene of mice and the eyeless gene of flies is similar. 
B)  The Pax6 gene of mice can substitute for the eyeless gene in the process of eye development in flies. 
C)  Fly eyes look like mammalian eyes. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 12

Genetic switches

Accepted Answer

A)  stop development. 
B)  help various modules develop differently. 
C)  ensure that all modules develop into the same type. 
D)  do not involve promoters and transcription factors. 
E)  play no role in integrating positional information in the embryo. 
A)  stop development. 
B)  help various modules develop differently. 
C)  ensure that all modules develop into the same type. 
D)  do not involve promoters and transcription factors. 
E)  play no role in integrating positional information in the embryo.

Question 13

Evolutionary modifications

Accepted Answer

A)  generally occur in large steps. 
B)  are facilitated by the conservation of the genes that regulate development. 
C)  such as wings, likely evolved independently in insects and vertebrates. 
D)  usually result in entirely new anatomical features over a short time period. 
E)  result from rapid mutations of the genes that control development. 
A)  generally occur in large steps. 
B)  are facilitated by the conservation of the genes that regulate development. 
C)  such as wings, likely evolved independently in insects and vertebrates. 
D)  usually result in entirely new anatomical features over a short time period. 
E)  result from rapid mutations of the genes that control development.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about heterochrony is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The gene BMP4 is expressed in both embryonic chickens and ducks. 
B)  The gene Gremlin is expressed in both embryonic chickens and ducks. 
C)  Gremlin protein activates a BMP inhibitor in both embryonic chickens and ducks. 
D)  Apoptosis of cells between the toes takes place in ducks but not chickens. 
E)  Both a and c 
A)  The gene BMP4 is expressed in both embryonic chickens and ducks. 
B)  The gene Gremlin is expressed in both embryonic chickens and ducks. 
C)  Gremlin protein activates a BMP inhibitor in both embryonic chickens and ducks. 
D)  Apoptosis of cells between the toes takes place in ducks but not chickens. 
E)  Both a and c

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Development ceases when an organism reaches maturity. 
B)  Development continues until an organism dies. 
C)  Development is fixed and cannot change in response to environmental conditions. 
D)  In every organism, the genes governing development are unique to that organism. 
E)  Development cannot constrain evolution. 
A)  Development ceases when an organism reaches maturity. 
B)  Development continues until an organism dies. 
C)  Development is fixed and cannot change in response to environmental conditions. 
D)  In every organism, the genes governing development are unique to that organism. 
E)  Development cannot constrain evolution.

Question 16

Centipedes and insects

Accepted Answer

A)  are derived from a common ancestor. 
B)  have identical Ubx genes. 
C)  require expression of the Dll gene for legs to form. 
D)  both grow legs from their abdominal segments. 
E)  both grow legs only on their thoracic segments. 
A)  are derived from a common ancestor. 
B)  have identical Ubx genes. 
C)  require expression of the Dll gene for legs to form. 
D)  both grow legs from their abdominal segments. 
E)  both grow legs only on their thoracic segments.

Question 17

Differences in the expression of the gene _______ account for many of the phenotypic differences between freshwater and marine forms of three-spine sticklebacks.

Accepted Answer

A)  Bicoid 
B)  Pax6 
C)  Pitx1 
D)  Ubx 
E)  Gremlin 
A)  Bicoid 
B)  Pax6 
C)  Pitx1 
D)  Ubx 
E)  Gremlin

Question 18

Which of the following would be the most likely event if Ubx were expressed in the second thoracic segment in Drosophila?

Accepted Answer

A)  The fly would develop a new set of forewings on the second segment. 
B)  The fly would develop a larger set of forewings on the second segment. 
C)  The fly would develop a set of halteres on the second segment. 
D)  The fly would develop eyes on the second segment. 
E)  Nothing would happen because wings do not develop from the second segment. 
A)  The fly would develop a new set of forewings on the second segment. 
B)  The fly would develop a larger set of forewings on the second segment. 
C)  The fly would develop a set of halteres on the second segment. 
D)  The fly would develop eyes on the second segment. 
E)  Nothing would happen because wings do not develop from the second segment.

Question 19

The transcription factors that govern pattern formation in multicellular organisms, and the genes that encode them, are components of what biologists call the genetic _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The transcription factors that govern pattern formation...

Question 20

If you know that a Hox gene, AbdB, is expressed in the most posterior part of the abdomen in a Drosophila embryo, which of the following conclusions about a homologous gene in humans would most likely be correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no homologous gene to abdB in humans, because the evolutionary distance between humans and flies is so great. 
B)  The homologous gene to abdB exists in humans, but it is expressed only in adults, not in human embryos. 
C)  The homologous gene to abdB exists and is expressed in the head of human embryos. 
D)  The homologous gene to abdB exists and is expressed throughout the human embryo in roughly equal amounts. 
E)  The homologous gene to abdB exists and is expressed near the tail of the human embryo. 
A)  There is no homologous gene to abdB in humans, because the evolutionary distance between humans and flies is so great. 
B)  The homologous gene to abdB exists in humans, but it is expressed only in adults, not in human embryos. 
C)  The homologous gene to abdB exists and is expressed in the head of human embryos. 
D)  The homologous gene to abdB exists and is expressed throughout the human embryo in roughly equal amounts. 
E)  The homologous gene to abdB exists and is expressed near the tail of the human embryo.

Exam 20: Development and Evolutionary Change

Which of the following phenomena below is not affected by day (or night) length?

_______ genes are involved in the development of the anterior-posterior axis in mammals and insects.

The graphs below show the reproductive successes of male and female jacky dragons that had been reared at different temperatures. Based on the graph, which of the following statements is false?

If a genetic change in turtles led to aromatase being more active than usual, which of the following would most likely occur?

Genetic determinism is the tenet that the genotype is responsible for phenotypic traits. The prevalence of which of the following phenomena best argues against pure genetic determinism?

Which of the following statements is false?

The Pax6 gene in mammals and the eyeless gene in flies are both _______ genes.

Modularity is important for development because it

The process whereby changes in the timing of developmental events can change the form of an organism is called

Which of the following conclusions emerged from the studies performed by Walter Gehring and his colleagues on Drosophila eyes?

Genetic switches

Evolutionary modifications

Which of the following statements about heterochrony is true?

Which of the following statements is true?

Centipedes and insects

Differences in the expression of the gene _______ account for many of the phenotypic differences between freshwater and marine forms of three-spine sticklebacks.

Which of the following would be the most likely event if Ubx were expressed in the second thoracic segment in Drosophila?

The transcription factors that govern pattern formation in multicellular organisms, and the genes that encode them, are components of what biologists call the genetic _______.

If you know that a Hox gene, AbdB, is expressed in the most posterior part of the abdomen in a Drosophila embryo, which of the following conclusions about a homologous gene in humans would most likely be correct?

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