Question 1

Heterochrony

Accepted Answer

A)  can explain the long neck of the giraffe. 
B)  involves shifts in the relative timing of developmental processes. 
C)  can lead to major morphological changes and new lifestyles. 
D)  can explain whether webbing remains between the digits of adult salamanders and birds. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  can explain the long neck of the giraffe. 
B)  involves shifts in the relative timing of developmental processes. 
C)  can lead to major morphological changes and new lifestyles. 
D)  can explain whether webbing remains between the digits of adult salamanders and birds. 
E)  All of the above

Question 2

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Body armor is absent from sticklebacks living in freshwater environments due to a genetic mutation. 
B)  The Pitx1 gene promotes the production of protective plates and spines in marine populations of sticklebacks. 
C)  Similar traits are likely to evolve repeatedly because of the highly conserved nature of developmental genes. 
D)  The Pitx1 gene is inactive in freshwater stickleback populations. 
E)  Environmental conditions induce the loss of body armor in freshwater sticklebacks. 
A)  Body armor is absent from sticklebacks living in freshwater environments due to a genetic mutation. 
B)  The Pitx1 gene promotes the production of protective plates and spines in marine populations of sticklebacks. 
C)  Similar traits are likely to evolve repeatedly because of the highly conserved nature of developmental genes. 
D)  The Pitx1 gene is inactive in freshwater stickleback populations. 
E)  Environmental conditions induce the loss of body armor in freshwater sticklebacks.

Question 3

Hox genes

Accepted Answer

A)  are present in single copies. 
B)  control dorsal-ventral pattern formation in Drosophila. 
C)  code for enzymes. 
D)  are clustered in a similar way in Drosophila and humans. 
E)  code for termination factors. 
A)  are present in single copies. 
B)  control dorsal-ventral pattern formation in Drosophila. 
C)  code for enzymes. 
D)  are clustered in a similar way in Drosophila and humans. 
E)  code for termination factors.

Question 4

The developmental control pathway that results in polarity and pattern formation in the head-abdomen axis in Drosophila

Accepted Answer

A)  has a similar gene sequence and chromosome order in the mouse. 
B)  arose only in insects during evolution. 
C)  determines only the organs that arise in head segments. 
D)  involves only gene products made by the embryo. 
E)  arose through new genes that had not existed before in any form. 
A)  has a similar gene sequence and chromosome order in the mouse. 
B)  arose only in insects during evolution. 
C)  determines only the organs that arise in head segments. 
D)  involves only gene products made by the embryo. 
E)  arose through new genes that had not existed before in any form.

Question 5

In which of the following ways do insects and centipedes differ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insects form legs on the thoracic segments, whereas centipedes do not. 
B)  Centipedes form legs on the thoracic segments, whereas insects do not. 
C)  Centipedes form legs on the abdominal segments, whereas insects do not. 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Insects form legs on the thoracic segments, whereas centipedes do not. 
B)  Centipedes form legs on the thoracic segments, whereas insects do not. 
C)  Centipedes form legs on the abdominal segments, whereas insects do not. 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  None of the above

Question 6

The sex of slider turtles is determined by

Accepted Answer

A)  the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. 
B)  the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes. 
C)  temperature: females are more likely to develop at warmer temperatures. 
D)  temperature: females are more likely to develop at cooler temperatures. 
E)  the level of cholesterol in the diet of the young turtles. 
A)  the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. 
B)  the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes. 
C)  temperature: females are more likely to develop at warmer temperatures. 
D)  temperature: females are more likely to develop at cooler temperatures. 
E)  the level of cholesterol in the diet of the young turtles.

Question 7

Unlike in other arthopods, Ubx protein in insects represses the expression of _______.

Accepted Answer

Distal-les

Question 8

Which of the following statements about sticklebacks is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The differences between marine and freshwater sticklebacks are mainly induced by environmental conditions. 
B)  The differences between marine and freshwater sticklebacks arise due to changes in the expression of a transcription factor. 
C)  These species illustrate parallel phenotypic evolution. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  The differences between marine and freshwater sticklebacks are mainly induced by environmental conditions. 
B)  The differences between marine and freshwater sticklebacks arise due to changes in the expression of a transcription factor. 
C)  These species illustrate parallel phenotypic evolution. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 9

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  In arthropods, the gene Distal-less causes legs to form from segments. 
B)  In centipedes, the Hox gene Ubx activates expression of the gene Distal-less, causing legs to form from segments. 
C)  A mutation in the Hox gene Ubx in the ancestor of insects resulted in legs forming from thoracic but not abdominal segments in this lineage. 
D)  Changes in the spatial pattern of Hox gene expression can account for the different number of cervical vertebrae in mouse and chicken embryos. 
E)  Morphological differences among species do not evolve through mutations in Hox genes. 
A)  In arthropods, the gene Distal-less causes legs to form from segments. 
B)  In centipedes, the Hox gene Ubx activates expression of the gene Distal-less, causing legs to form from segments. 
C)  A mutation in the Hox gene Ubx in the ancestor of insects resulted in legs forming from thoracic but not abdominal segments in this lineage. 
D)  Changes in the spatial pattern of Hox gene expression can account for the different number of cervical vertebrae in mouse and chicken embryos. 
E)  Morphological differences among species do not evolve through mutations in Hox genes.

Question 10

Developmental plasticity

Accepted Answer

A)  is the ability of an organism to change its development in response to environmental conditions. 
B)  is limited to plants. 
C)  is the ability of an organism to express only one phenotype under different environmental conditions. 
D)  means that an organism can begin as one genotype and later change genotype in response to environmental conditions. 
E)  is also called genotypic plasticity. 
A)  is the ability of an organism to change its development in response to environmental conditions. 
B)  is limited to plants. 
C)  is the ability of an organism to express only one phenotype under different environmental conditions. 
D)  means that an organism can begin as one genotype and later change genotype in response to environmental conditions. 
E)  is also called genotypic plasticity.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about Hox genes is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are part of the so-called genetic toolkit. 
B)  There are expressed in similar patterns in the embryos of both mice and flies. 
C)  They are arranged in similar clusters of genes in both mice and flies. 
D)  Because of their important functional roles, they evolve rapidly in both mammals and flies. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false. 
A)  They are part of the so-called genetic toolkit. 
B)  There are expressed in similar patterns in the embryos of both mice and flies. 
C)  They are arranged in similar clusters of genes in both mice and flies. 
D)  Because of their important functional roles, they evolve rapidly in both mammals and flies. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 12

The addition of _______ protein in the right location of a developing chicken foot will make it appear more like a duck foot.

Accepted Answer

A)  BMP4 
B)  Gremlin 
C)  Distal-less 
D)  Ubx 
E)  None of the above 
A)  BMP4 
B)  Gremlin 
C)  Distal-less 
D)  Ubx 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

The ability of organisms to modify their development (and hence, their phenotype) in response to environmental stimuli is known as developmental _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ability of organisms to modify their...

Question 14

In vertebrates, wings evolved independently in birds, bats, and _______, an extinct group.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In vertebrates, wings evolved independently in birds,...

Question 15

The _______ thoracic segment of Drosophila bears small hindwings that aid in _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  first; balance 
B)  first; sense 
C)  second; sense 
D)  second; mating 
E)  third; balance 
A)  first; balance 
B)  first; sense 
C)  second; sense 
D)  second; mating 
E)  third; balance

Question 16

Parallel phenotypic evolution is likely to occur because

Accepted Answer

A)  closely related organisms typically face similar problems. 
B)  the conservation of regulatory genes during evolution means that similar traits are likely to evolve repeatedly. 
C)  many different phenotypes can be produced by a given genotype. 
D)  phenotypic plasticity, which generates parallel phenotypic evolution, is widespread. 
E)  evolutionary biologists have looked especially hard to find evidence of it. 
A)  closely related organisms typically face similar problems. 
B)  the conservation of regulatory genes during evolution means that similar traits are likely to evolve repeatedly. 
C)  many different phenotypes can be produced by a given genotype. 
D)  phenotypic plasticity, which generates parallel phenotypic evolution, is widespread. 
E)  evolutionary biologists have looked especially hard to find evidence of it.

Question 17

Use the following to answer questions :
Below is a diagram of a Drosophila larva. H represents the head segments region; T1, T2, and T3 represent the first, second, and third thoracic segments respectively; and A represents the abdominal segments region.  
-Indicate on the diagram where wings would form if Ubx were deleted.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions :
Below...

Question 18

Suppose that a hypothetical gene, wing7, was found to be responsible for the differences in wing morphology between different species of related wasps because this gene affected the expression of several genes in wing development. Wing7 would thus be an example of a _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that a hypothetical gene, wing7, was...

Question 19

Which of the following distinguishes insects from other arthropods?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insect Ubx promotes the expression of Distal-less, whereas the Ubx of other arthropods has no effect on Distal-less expression. 
B)  Insect Ubx inhibits the expression of Distal-less, whereas the Ubx of other arthropods has no effect on Distal-less expression. 
C)  Insect distal-less promotes the expression of Ubx, whereas the Distal-less of other arthropods has no effect on Ubx expression. 
D)  Insect distal-less inhibits the expression of Ubx, whereas the Distal-less of other arthropods has no effect on Ubx expression. 
E)  Insect distal-less promotes the expression of Ubx, whereas the Distal-less of other arthropods inhibits Ubx expression. 
A)  Insect Ubx promotes the expression of Distal-less, whereas the Ubx of other arthropods has no effect on Distal-less expression. 
B)  Insect Ubx inhibits the expression of Distal-less, whereas the Ubx of other arthropods has no effect on Distal-less expression. 
C)  Insect distal-less promotes the expression of Ubx, whereas the Distal-less of other arthropods has no effect on Ubx expression. 
D)  Insect distal-less inhibits the expression of Ubx, whereas the Distal-less of other arthropods has no effect on Ubx expression. 
E)  Insect distal-less promotes the expression of Ubx, whereas the Distal-less of other arthropods inhibits Ubx expression.

Question 20

Even if the temperatures remain warm, many mammals will respond to declining day lengths by developing thicker coats. This observation illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic determinism. 
B)  the capacity of organisms to respond to information that predicts future conditions. 
C)  phenotypic plasticity. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  genetic determinism. 
B)  the capacity of organisms to respond to information that predicts future conditions. 
C)  phenotypic plasticity. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Exam 20: Development and Evolutionary Change

Heterochrony

Which of the following statements is false?

Hox genes

The developmental control pathway that results in polarity and pattern formation in the head-abdomen axis in Drosophila

In which of the following ways do insects and centipedes differ?

The sex of slider turtles is determined by

Unlike in other arthopods, Ubx protein in insects represses the expression of _______.

Which of the following statements about sticklebacks is true?

Which of the following statements is false?

Developmental plasticity

Which of the following statements about Hox genes is false?

The addition of _______ protein in the right location of a developing chicken foot will make it appear more like a duck foot.

The ability of organisms to modify their development (and hence, their phenotype) in response to environmental stimuli is known as developmental _______.

In vertebrates, wings evolved independently in birds, bats, and _______, an extinct group.

The _______ thoracic segment of Drosophila bears small hindwings that aid in _______.

Parallel phenotypic evolution is likely to occur because

Suppose that a hypothetical gene, wing7, was found to be responsible for the differences in wing morphology between different species of related wasps because this gene affected the expression of several genes in wing development. Wing7 would thus be an example of a _______.

Which of the following distinguishes insects from other arthropods?

Even if the temperatures remain warm, many mammals will respond to declining day lengths by developing thicker coats. This observation illustrates

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