Question 1

Which of the following organisms are not arthropods?

Accepted Answer

A)  Centipedes 
B)  Spiders 
C)  Insects 
D)  Crustaceans 
E)  All of the above are arthropods. 
A)  Centipedes 
B)  Spiders 
C)  Insects 
D)  Crustaceans 
E)  All of the above are arthropods.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about sticklebacks is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Different genes govern the differences between marine and freshwater forms in different populations. 
B)  Most of the lakes in which freshwater sticklebacks live formed in the last 10,000 years. 
C)  Predation risk is lower in freshwater lakes. 
D)  Bony armor is less common in freshwater lakes. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false. 
A)  Different genes govern the differences between marine and freshwater forms in different populations. 
B)  Most of the lakes in which freshwater sticklebacks live formed in the last 10,000 years. 
C)  Predation risk is lower in freshwater lakes. 
D)  Bony armor is less common in freshwater lakes. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions :
Below is a diagram of a Drosophila larva. H represents the head segments region; T1, T2, and T3 represent the first, second, and third thoracic segments respectively; and A represents the abdominal segments region.  
-Indicate on the diagram where wings normally would form.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions :
Below...

Question 4

The extent to which a developmental gene affects phenotype is limited, because most such genes affect only one _______ and not the whole organism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The extent to which a developmental gene...

Question 5

The difference in appearance of Nemoria arizonaria caterpillars in spring and summer is triggered by

Accepted Answer

A)  temperature. 
B)  day length. 
C)  the relative availability of food. 
D)  different genotypes. 
E)  light intensity. 
A)  temperature. 
B)  day length. 
C)  the relative availability of food. 
D)  different genotypes. 
E)  light intensity.

Question 6

Which of the following principles of evo-devo is not stated properly?

Accepted Answer

A)  Even distantly related organisms share similar molecular mechanisms for development. 
B)  New developmental mechanisms, rather than modifications of existing mechanisms, account for morphological evolution. 
C)  Developmental mechanisms have evolved to be responsive to environmental cues. 
D)  Development is modular. 
E)  Changing the timing of gene expression during development can lead to new forms. 
A)  Even distantly related organisms share similar molecular mechanisms for development. 
B)  New developmental mechanisms, rather than modifications of existing mechanisms, account for morphological evolution. 
C)  Developmental mechanisms have evolved to be responsive to environmental cues. 
D)  Development is modular. 
E)  Changing the timing of gene expression during development can lead to new forms.

Question 7

Which of the following best contradicts Francois Jacob's view of evolution as a tinker?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parallel phenotypic evolution 
B)  The sudden appearance of a new structure 
C)  Developmental plasticity 
D)  Heterochrony 
E)  The conservation of developmentally important genes across distantly related organisms 
A)  Parallel phenotypic evolution 
B)  The sudden appearance of a new structure 
C)  Developmental plasticity 
D)  Heterochrony 
E)  The conservation of developmentally important genes across distantly related organisms

Question 8

Which of the following examples of evolutionary change do not involve Hox genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Difference in numbers of legs between bees and centipedes. 
B)  Difference in number of cervical vertebrae between a goose and a giraffe. 
C)  Loss of forelegs in snakes. 
D)  Loss of webbing in the feet of chickens. 
E)  Location of legs and antennae in Drosophila. 
A)  Difference in numbers of legs between bees and centipedes. 
B)  Difference in number of cervical vertebrae between a goose and a giraffe. 
C)  Loss of forelegs in snakes. 
D)  Loss of webbing in the feet of chickens. 
E)  Location of legs and antennae in Drosophila.

Question 9

Which of the following techniques or tools was instrumental in the studies performed by Gehring and his colleagues demonstrating that eyeless is a transcription factor involved in eye development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Comparison of DNA sequences by means of a database search 
B)  Recombinant DNA constructs 
C)  The genetic toolkit 
D)  DNA chip technology 
E)  Hormone treatments 
A)  Comparison of DNA sequences by means of a database search 
B)  Recombinant DNA constructs 
C)  The genetic toolkit 
D)  DNA chip technology 
E)  Hormone treatments

Question 10

Moss gametophytes are haploid and each cell has an identical genetic make up. Yet, different branches of the same plant can produce either female or male reproductive structures. What phenomenon do you think is demonstrated in this case?

Accepted Answer

A)  Modularity 
B)  Expression of organ identity genes 
C)  Developmental plasticity 
D)  Heterochrony 
E)  Genetic switches 
A)  Modularity 
B)  Expression of organ identity genes 
C)  Developmental plasticity 
D)  Heterochrony 
E)  Genetic switches

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions :
The diagram below shows the association of phenotype and gene expression patterns in five different species. The top portion shows the phylogeny of the five species; below the phylogeny are the phenotypes of the five species; and at the bottom are the expression patterns for three different genes (genes 1, 2, and 3) at two different time points in development (early and late), and in two different locations in the embryo (top and bottom).  
-The additional segment in species B and E is most likely associated with which process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Changes in the timing of gene expression 
B)  Changes in the location of gene expression 
C)  Phenotypic plasticity 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  Changes in the timing of gene expression 
B)  Changes in the location of gene expression 
C)  Phenotypic plasticity 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Both b and c

Question 12

Temperature-determined sex

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs in mammals. 
B)  is an example of developmental plasticity. 
C)  is not associated with sex-specific fitness differences. 
D)  relies on a mechanism whereby high levels of the enzyme aromatase make testosterone dominant and lead to development of male sex organs. 
E)  relies on a mechanism that makes high temperatures produce males. 
A)  occurs in mammals. 
B)  is an example of developmental plasticity. 
C)  is not associated with sex-specific fitness differences. 
D)  relies on a mechanism whereby high levels of the enzyme aromatase make testosterone dominant and lead to development of male sex organs. 
E)  relies on a mechanism that makes high temperatures produce males.

Question 13

Which of the following is true about temperature determination of sex in some reptiles?

Accepted Answer

A)  It ensures that males and females are produced at different seasons of the year. 
B)  It ensures that males are faster than females. 
C)  It acts through the inactivation of the male sex chromosome. 
D)  There is no evidence that it has evolved because of effects on reproductive success. 
E)  Temperature effects are due to modifications of concentrations and actions of sex steroids. 
A)  It ensures that males and females are produced at different seasons of the year. 
B)  It ensures that males are faster than females. 
C)  It acts through the inactivation of the male sex chromosome. 
D)  There is no evidence that it has evolved because of effects on reproductive success. 
E)  Temperature effects are due to modifications of concentrations and actions of sex steroids.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions :
The diagram below shows the association of phenotype and gene expression patterns in five different species. The top portion shows the phylogeny of the five species; below the phylogeny are the phenotypes of the five species; and at the bottom are the expression patterns for three different genes (genes 1, 2, and 3) at two different time points in development (early and late), and in two different locations in the embryo (top and bottom).  
-Which gene's expression is associated with the appendage growing in the top segment of species D?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gene 1 
B)  Gene 2 
C)  Gene 3 
D)  Both gene 1 and gene 2 
E)  Both gene 2 and gene 3 
A)  Gene 1 
B)  Gene 2 
C)  Gene 3 
D)  Both gene 1 and gene 2 
E)  Both gene 2 and gene 3

Question 15

The process by which the relative timing of different developmental processes is altered is called

Accepted Answer

A)  modularity. 
B)  homeosis. 
C)  developmental plasticity. 
D)  heterochrony. 
E)  homeostasis. 
A)  modularity. 
B)  homeosis. 
C)  developmental plasticity. 
D)  heterochrony. 
E)  homeostasis.

Question 16

Major morphological changes can result from

Accepted Answer

A)  mutations in developmental regulatory genes. 
B)  short-term environmental changes. 
C)  long-term genetic recombination. 
D)  alterations in the time or place of expression of genes. 
E)  Both a and d 
A)  mutations in developmental regulatory genes. 
B)  short-term environmental changes. 
C)  long-term genetic recombination. 
D)  alterations in the time or place of expression of genes. 
E)  Both a and d

Question 17

Genes that regulate development are highly conserved. This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  large differences have evolved among multicellular organisms. 
B)  they have changed very little over the course of evolution. 
C)  they are always turned on. 
D)  they have undergone mutation. 
E)  they have been lost in some lineages. 
A)  large differences have evolved among multicellular organisms. 
B)  they have changed very little over the course of evolution. 
C)  they are always turned on. 
D)  they have undergone mutation. 
E)  they have been lost in some lineages.

Question 18

Use the following to answer questions :
The diagram below shows the association of phenotype and gene expression patterns in five different species. The top portion shows the phylogeny of the five species; below the phylogeny are the phenotypes of the five species; and at the bottom are the expression patterns for three different genes (genes 1, 2, and 3) at two different time points in development (early and late), and in two different locations in the embryo (top and bottom).  
-The phenotypes of species B and E illustrate the phenomenon of

Accepted Answer

A)  developmental plasticity. 
B)  homology. 
C)  diapause. 
D)  parallel phenotypic evolution. 
E)  pleiotropy. 
A)  developmental plasticity. 
B)  homology. 
C)  diapause. 
D)  parallel phenotypic evolution. 
E)  pleiotropy.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a general principle of evo-devo?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most animals share similar molecular mechanisms underlying development. 
B)  Different developmental processes usually operate independently from one another. 
C)  Changes in the timing of expression of particular genes often play a major role in morphological modifications that occur throughout evolution. 
D)  Changes in the location of expression of particular genes often play a major role in morphological modifications that occur throughout evolution. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false. 
A)  Most animals share similar molecular mechanisms underlying development. 
B)  Different developmental processes usually operate independently from one another. 
C)  Changes in the timing of expression of particular genes often play a major role in morphological modifications that occur throughout evolution. 
D)  Changes in the location of expression of particular genes often play a major role in morphological modifications that occur throughout evolution. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 20

Webbing in ducks occurs because the _______ protein is expressed in the webbing cells. This protein prevents the _______ protein from signaling for apoptosis.

Accepted Answer

A)  BMP4; Gremlin 
B)  BMP4; eyeless 
C)  BMP4; Ultrabithorax 
D)  Gremlin; eyeless 
E)  Gremlin; BMP4 
A)  BMP4; Gremlin 
B)  BMP4; eyeless 
C)  BMP4; Ultrabithorax 
D)  Gremlin; eyeless 
E)  Gremlin; BMP4

Exam 20: Development and Evolutionary Change

Which of the following organisms are not arthropods?

Which of the following statements about sticklebacks is false?

The extent to which a developmental gene affects phenotype is limited, because most such genes affect only one _______ and not the whole organism.

The difference in appearance of Nemoria arizonaria caterpillars in spring and summer is triggered by

Which of the following principles of evo-devo is not stated properly?

Which of the following best contradicts Francois Jacob's view of evolution as a tinker?

Which of the following examples of evolutionary change do not involve Hox genes?

Which of the following techniques or tools was instrumental in the studies performed by Gehring and his colleagues demonstrating that eyeless is a transcription factor involved in eye development?

Moss gametophytes are haploid and each cell has an identical genetic make up. Yet, different branches of the same plant can produce either female or male reproductive structures. What phenomenon do you think is demonstrated in this case?

Temperature-determined sex

Which of the following is true about temperature determination of sex in some reptiles?

The process by which the relative timing of different developmental processes is altered is called

Major morphological changes can result from

Genes that regulate development are highly conserved. This means that

Which of the following is not a general principle of evo-devo?

Webbing in ducks occurs because the _______ protein is expressed in the webbing cells. This protein prevents the _______ protein from signaling for apoptosis.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Distribution of Life

Population Ecology

Species Interaction and Coevolution

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Conservation Biology

Filters

Webbing in ducks occurs because the _ protein is expressed in the webbing cells. This protein prevents the _ protein from signaling for apoptosis.