Question 1

In the gene-for-gene resistance mechanism, if a plant has a resistance gene and a pathogen has the matching avirulence gene,

Accepted Answer

A)  the pathogen's gene overrides the plant's gene and infects the plant. 
B)  the plant will become susceptible to the pathogen. 
C)  the plant is resistant to the pathogen. 
D)  the plant is resistant to all pathogens, whether or not they have the avirulence gene. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  the pathogen's gene overrides the plant's gene and infects the plant. 
B)  the plant will become susceptible to the pathogen. 
C)  the plant is resistant to the pathogen. 
D)  the plant is resistant to all pathogens, whether or not they have the avirulence gene. 
E)  None of the above

Question 2

Pansies are planted in the winter in the southeastern United States. To ensure that the plants are ready to enter cool ground, nurseries cold-harden the plants for several days. Describe this process and explain why it is done.

Accepted Answer

Cold-hardening is gradual exposure to ad

Question 3

Plants adapted to dry environments are called _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Plants adapted to dry environments are called...

Question 4

Defensive secondary metabolites can affect insect

Accepted Answer

A)  nervous systems. 
B)  digestive systems. 
C)  life cycles. 
D)  protein synthesis. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  nervous systems. 
B)  digestive systems. 
C)  life cycles. 
D)  protein synthesis. 
E)  All of the above

Question 5

Some plants produce the amino acid canavanine, which is toxic to many insects because it

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibits respiration. 
B)  causes defects in protein structure and function. 
C)  interferes with protein digestion in the gut. 
D)  burns tissues due to its high acidity. 
E)  inhibits the synthesis of reproductive hormones. 
A)  inhibits respiration. 
B)  causes defects in protein structure and function. 
C)  interferes with protein digestion in the gut. 
D)  burns tissues due to its high acidity. 
E)  inhibits the synthesis of reproductive hormones.

Question 6

Which of the following is an adaptation of plants to low temperatures?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heat shock proteins 
B)  An increase in the relative amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids 
C)  Systemic acquired resistance 
D)  siRNAs 
E)  Increased phytoalexin content 
A)  Heat shock proteins 
B)  An increase in the relative amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids 
C)  Systemic acquired resistance 
D)  siRNAs 
E)  Increased phytoalexin content

Question 7

When an herbivore chews on plant tissue, molecules called _______ are formed. These molecules bind to a _______ in the plasma membrane of a _______ cell and initiate the formation of jasmonates. Jasmonate in turn binds to an inhibitor, releasing a transcription factor, which enters the nucleus, turning on genes that code for _______ and other substances important for plant defense.

Accepted Answer

A)  elicitors; lipid; fatty acid; protease inhibitors 
B)  elicitors; receptor; companion; protease inhibitors 
C)  inhibin; lipid; nucleotide; proteases 
D)  systemin; receptor; nucleotide; proteases 
E)  stimulin; protein receptor; fatty acid; phosphatase inhibitors 
A)  elicitors; lipid; fatty acid; protease inhibitors 
B)  elicitors; receptor; companion; protease inhibitors 
C)  inhibin; lipid; nucleotide; proteases 
D)  systemin; receptor; nucleotide; proteases 
E)  stimulin; protein receptor; fatty acid; phosphatase inhibitors

Question 8

Bioremediation of mine and ore refinery sites is an area of intense study. How can plants help with the cleanup of sites contaminated with heavy metals?

Accepted Answer

Only plants that have evolved a strategy

Question 9

An RNA virus attack on a plant triggers the production of interference RNA (RNAi), which is derived from the RNA of the _______ and causes the plant to _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  virus; die from a viral infection 
B)  plant; become immune to the virus 
C)  plant; form mechanical barriers 
D)  virus; become immune to the virus 
E)  virus; form mechanical barriers 
A)  virus; die from a viral infection 
B)  plant; become immune to the virus 
C)  plant; form mechanical barriers 
D)  virus; become immune to the virus 
E)  virus; form mechanical barriers

Question 10

Which combination of adaptations is often observed in plants found in saline environments?

Accepted Answer

A)  Salt glands and succulence 
B)  Salt glands and broad leaves 
C)  Spines and thin cuticles 
D)  Dense stomata and thick cuticles 
E)  Narrow leaves and dense stomata 
A)  Salt glands and succulence 
B)  Salt glands and broad leaves 
C)  Spines and thin cuticles 
D)  Dense stomata and thick cuticles 
E)  Narrow leaves and dense stomata

Question 11

Endogenous alkaloids have long been suspected to be deterrents to the feeding of herbivores. Which of the following statements supports this conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nicotine is an insecticide. 
B)  Nicotine tastes bad. 
C)  Plants engineered to have low nicotine content had higher damage to the leaves by insects than those with higher nicotine content. 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Nicotine is an addictive substance in humans. 
A)  Nicotine is an insecticide. 
B)  Nicotine tastes bad. 
C)  Plants engineered to have low nicotine content had higher damage to the leaves by insects than those with higher nicotine content. 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Nicotine is an addictive substance in humans.

Question 12

Many halophytes accumulate the amino acid

Accepted Answer

A)  proline. 
B)  arginine. 
C)  glycine. 
D)  methionine. 
E)  chlorine. 
A)  proline. 
B)  arginine. 
C)  glycine. 
D)  methionine. 
E)  chlorine.

Question 13

Which of the following is not an adaptation to dry environments?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased solute concentration in the vacuoles 
B)  Hairy leaves 
C)  A heavier cuticle over the leaf epidermis 
D)  Sunken stomata 
E)  A root system that grows each rainy season and dies back when it is dry 
A)  Increased solute concentration in the vacuoles 
B)  Hairy leaves 
C)  A heavier cuticle over the leaf epidermis 
D)  Sunken stomata 
E)  A root system that grows each rainy season and dies back when it is dry

Question 14

What keeps plants that produce toxins for defense from poisoning themselves?

Accepted Answer

A)  The toxic substances are kept throughout all plant tissues. 
B)  The toxic substances are stored in laticifers. 
C)  The toxic substances are produced by every cell in the plant all the time. 
D)  The toxic substances are stored in the same place as enzymes that convert them to the active form. 
E)  Nothing; toxic substances do slowly poison the plants. 
A)  The toxic substances are kept throughout all plant tissues. 
B)  The toxic substances are stored in laticifers. 
C)  The toxic substances are produced by every cell in the plant all the time. 
D)  The toxic substances are stored in the same place as enzymes that convert them to the active form. 
E)  Nothing; toxic substances do slowly poison the plants.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes how plants produce their own insecticide?

Accepted Answer

A)  Wounded cells release an elicitor that directly induces synthesis of protease inhibitors, and protease inhibitors act as insecticides. 
B)  Wounded cells release jasmonates, jasmonates stimulate elicitor synthesis, elicitor causes the production of protease inhibitors, and protease inhibitors act as insecticides. 
C)  Wounded cells release an elicitor that causes membrane breakdown, membrane breakdown releases jasmonates, and jasmonates act as insecticides. 
D)  Wounded cells release an elicitor that causes membrane breakdown, membrane breakdown releases jasmonates, jasmonates induce synthesis of protease inhibitors, and protease inhibitors act as insecticides. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Wounded cells release an elicitor that directly induces synthesis of protease inhibitors, and protease inhibitors act as insecticides. 
B)  Wounded cells release jasmonates, jasmonates stimulate elicitor synthesis, elicitor causes the production of protease inhibitors, and protease inhibitors act as insecticides. 
C)  Wounded cells release an elicitor that causes membrane breakdown, membrane breakdown releases jasmonates, and jasmonates act as insecticides. 
D)  Wounded cells release an elicitor that causes membrane breakdown, membrane breakdown releases jasmonates, jasmonates induce synthesis of protease inhibitors, and protease inhibitors act as insecticides. 
E)  None of the above

Question 16

The nicotine in tobacco is an example of a plant

Accepted Answer

A)  alkaloid. 
B)  flavonoid. 
C)  glycoside. 
D)  steroid. 
E)  tannin. 
A)  alkaloid. 
B)  flavonoid. 
C)  glycoside. 
D)  steroid. 
E)  tannin.

Question 17

Canavanine is a(n) _______ amino acid that is synthesized by a plant to fight herbivorous insects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Canavanine is a(n) _______ amino acid that...

Question 18

Plants respond to infection from RNA viruses by

Accepted Answer

A)  converting some of the double-stranded viral RNA into single-stranded copies. 
B)  using siRNA to block viral replication. 
C)  converting some of the single-stranded RNA of the virus into long, double-stranded DNA. 
D)  converting the message in the viral RNA into proteins. 
E)  converting the viral RNA into DNA/RNA hybrids. 
A)  converting some of the double-stranded viral RNA into single-stranded copies. 
B)  using siRNA to block viral replication. 
C)  converting some of the single-stranded RNA of the virus into long, double-stranded DNA. 
D)  converting the message in the viral RNA into proteins. 
E)  converting the viral RNA into DNA/RNA hybrids.

Question 19

Grazing can increase photosynthetic production by

Accepted Answer

A)  causing increased branching. 
B)  removing old or dead leaves. 
C)  providing increased root nutrients to the remaining leaves. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  causing increased branching. 
B)  removing old or dead leaves. 
C)  providing increased root nutrients to the remaining leaves. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 20

The pneumatophores of swamp plants are modified

Accepted Answer

A)  flowers. 
B)  leaves. 
C)  roots. 
D)  spines. 
E)  stems. 
A)  flowers. 
B)  leaves. 
C)  roots. 
D)  spines. 
E)  stems.

Exam 39: Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

In the gene-for-gene resistance mechanism, if a plant has a resistance gene and a pathogen has the matching avirulence gene,

Pansies are planted in the winter in the southeastern United States. To ensure that the plants are ready to enter cool ground, nurseries cold-harden the plants for several days. Describe this process and explain why it is done.

Plants adapted to dry environments are called _______.

Defensive secondary metabolites can affect insect

Some plants produce the amino acid canavanine, which is toxic to many insects because it

Which of the following is an adaptation of plants to low temperatures?

Bioremediation of mine and ore refinery sites is an area of intense study. How can plants help with the cleanup of sites contaminated with heavy metals?

An RNA virus attack on a plant triggers the production of interference RNA (RNAi), which is derived from the RNA of the _______ and causes the plant to _______.

Which combination of adaptations is often observed in plants found in saline environments?

Endogenous alkaloids have long been suspected to be deterrents to the feeding of herbivores. Which of the following statements supports this conclusion?

Many halophytes accumulate the amino acid

Which of the following is not an adaptation to dry environments?

What keeps plants that produce toxins for defense from poisoning themselves?

Which of the following best describes how plants produce their own insecticide?

The nicotine in tobacco is an example of a plant

Canavanine is a(n) _______ amino acid that is synthesized by a plant to fight herbivorous insects.

Plants respond to infection from RNA viruses by

Grazing can increase photosynthetic production by

The pneumatophores of swamp plants are modified

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An RNA virus attack on a plant triggers the production of interference RNA (RNAi), which is derived from the RNA of the _ and causes the plant to _.