Question 1

Long-term potentiation

Accepted Answer

A)  may be involved in learning and memory. 
B)  involves a decreased postsynaptic response. 
C)  involves AMPA receptors only. 
D)  results from low frequency of stimulation. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  may be involved in learning and memory. 
B)  involves a decreased postsynaptic response. 
C)  involves AMPA receptors only. 
D)  results from low frequency of stimulation. 
E)  None of the above

Question 2

Which statement about synaptic transmission is not true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells use ACh as their neurotransmitter. 
B)  A single vesicle of neurotransmitter can cause a muscle cell to contract. 
C)  The release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction causes the motor end plate to depolarize. 
D)  In vertebrates, the synapses between motor neurons and muscle fibers are always excitatory. 
E)  Inhibitory synapses cause the resting potential of the postsynaptic membrane to become more negative. 
A)  The synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells use ACh as their neurotransmitter. 
B)  A single vesicle of neurotransmitter can cause a muscle cell to contract. 
C)  The release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction causes the motor end plate to depolarize. 
D)  In vertebrates, the synapses between motor neurons and muscle fibers are always excitatory. 
E)  Inhibitory synapses cause the resting potential of the postsynaptic membrane to become more negative.

Question 3

If Na+ channels open and sodium ions diffuse into the cell,

Accepted Answer

A)  the cell will become hyperpolarized. 
B)  other sodium ions will move out of the cell. 
C)  voltage-gated channels will remain closed. 
D)  the charge across the nearby membrane will change. 
E)  action potentials will be triggered. 
A)  the cell will become hyperpolarized. 
B)  other sodium ions will move out of the cell. 
C)  voltage-gated channels will remain closed. 
D)  the charge across the nearby membrane will change. 
E)  action potentials will be triggered.

Question 4

Neurotransmitters

Accepted Answer

A)  have multiple types of receptors. 
B)  may be excitatory or inhibitory. 
C)  may have different effects in different tissues. 
D)  include dopamine and serotonin, which are monoamines. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  have multiple types of receptors. 
B)  may be excitatory or inhibitory. 
C)  may have different effects in different tissues. 
D)  include dopamine and serotonin, which are monoamines. 
E)  All of the above

Question 5

The part of the neuron specialized for receiving impulses is the _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The part of the neuron specialized for...

Question 6

The electrical events labeled as EPSPs are the result of _______ of the _______ membrane.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperpolarization; postsynaptic 
B)  depolarization; postsynaptic 
C)  hyperpolarization; presynaptic 
D)  depolarization; presynaptic 
E)  repolarization; presynaptic 
A)  hyperpolarization; postsynaptic 
B)  depolarization; postsynaptic 
C)  hyperpolarization; presynaptic 
D)  depolarization; presynaptic 
E)  repolarization; presynaptic

Question 7

What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)  A nerve includes parts of multiple neurons. 
B)  A neuron is only the soma, or body, of a nerve. 
C)  Nerves carry information away from the brain, whereas neurons carry information to the brain. 
D)  Nerves are cells that nourish and support the neurons. 
E)  None of the above; there is no difference between these terms. 
A)  A nerve includes parts of multiple neurons. 
B)  A neuron is only the soma, or body, of a nerve. 
C)  Nerves carry information away from the brain, whereas neurons carry information to the brain. 
D)  Nerves are cells that nourish and support the neurons. 
E)  None of the above; there is no difference between these terms.

Question 8

The sodium-potassium pump

Accepted Answer

A)  maintains a positive charge difference across the plasma membrane. 
B)  allows potassium to diffuse out of the neuron. 
C)  perturbs the resting potential by allowing ion channels to open. 
D)  concentrates potassium ions on the inside of the neuron and sodium ions on the outside. 
E)  concentrates sodium ions on the inside of the neuron and potassium ions on the outside of the neuron. 
A)  maintains a positive charge difference across the plasma membrane. 
B)  allows potassium to diffuse out of the neuron. 
C)  perturbs the resting potential by allowing ion channels to open. 
D)  concentrates potassium ions on the inside of the neuron and sodium ions on the outside. 
E)  concentrates sodium ions on the inside of the neuron and potassium ions on the outside of the neuron.

Question 9

The cells that create the blood-brain barrier, keeping some toxic substances from entering the brain, are _______ and belong to a type of neural tissue called _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  endothelial cells; Schwann cells 
B)  astrocytes; glia 
C)  glial fibers; axons 
D)  dendrites; synapses 
E)  oligodendrocytes; glia 
A)  endothelial cells; Schwann cells 
B)  astrocytes; glia 
C)  glial fibers; axons 
D)  dendrites; synapses 
E)  oligodendrocytes; glia

Question 10

The information that flows through the nervous system moves from cell to cell by means of chemical or _______ synapses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The information that flows through the nervous...

Question 11

Most nerve cells communicate with others by means of

Accepted Answer

A)  electric signals that pass across synapses. 
B)  chemical signals that pass across synapses. 
C)  bursts of pressure that "bump" the postsynaptic cell membrane. 
D)  Na+ ions as they are released from one cell and enter the next. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  electric signals that pass across synapses. 
B)  chemical signals that pass across synapses. 
C)  bursts of pressure that "bump" the postsynaptic cell membrane. 
D)  Na+ ions as they are released from one cell and enter the next. 
E)  None of the above

Question 12

The nicotinic receptors of acetylcholine are not metabotropic receptors but rather _______ receptors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nicotinic receptors of acetylcholine are not...

Question 13

Refer to the diagram below of a neuromuscular junction. Which cellular event is correctly paired with the location where it occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Position 2 - Activated receptors open chemically gated cation channels. 
B)  Position 3 - Calcium triggers fusion of acetylcholine vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. 
C)  Position 4 - Acetylcholine is broken down and the components are recycled. 
D)  Position 5 - Voltage-gated calcium channels open. 
E)  Position 7 - Acetylcholine molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft. 
A)  Position 2 - Activated receptors open chemically gated cation channels. 
B)  Position 3 - Calcium triggers fusion of acetylcholine vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. 
C)  Position 4 - Acetylcholine is broken down and the components are recycled. 
D)  Position 5 - Voltage-gated calcium channels open. 
E)  Position 7 - Acetylcholine molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft.

Question 14

The human capacity to learn, process information, carry out complex tasks, and experience emotions

Accepted Answer

A)  diminishes with age. 
B)  is due to the human brain's lack of synapses, which allows for increased speed of signal transmission. 
C)  is due to the weakness of the human sensory system, relative to other animals, which allows the human brain to focus on higher cognitive functions and emotional responses. 
D)  is due to the capacity of synapses to change their number and size and become more or less sensitive. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  diminishes with age. 
B)  is due to the human brain's lack of synapses, which allows for increased speed of signal transmission. 
C)  is due to the weakness of the human sensory system, relative to other animals, which allows the human brain to focus on higher cognitive functions and emotional responses. 
D)  is due to the capacity of synapses to change their number and size and become more or less sensitive. 
E)  None of the above

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions:
Refer to the graph below, showing the course of an action potential.  
-In the action potential shown, the x-axis should be labeled _______, and the y-axis should be labeled _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  distance (mm); current (m
A)  
B)  time (msec); voltage (mV) 
C)  distance (mm); voltage (mV) 
D)  time (msec); current (m
A)  
E)  current (m
A) ; voltage (mV) 
A)  distance (mm); current (m
A)  
B)  time (msec); voltage (mV) 
C)  distance (mm); voltage (mV) 
D)  time (msec); current (m
A)  
E)  current (m
A) ; voltage (mV)

Question 16

Which of the following can carry electric charges across the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

A)  Electrons 
B)  Protons 
C)  Water 
D)  Ions 
E)  Proteins 
A)  Electrons 
B)  Protons 
C)  Water 
D)  Ions 
E)  Proteins

Question 17

Neurons generally receive information via their

Accepted Answer

A)  cell bodies. 
B)  nerves. 
C)  dendrites. 
D)  glial cells. 
E)  axons. 
A)  cell bodies. 
B)  nerves. 
C)  dendrites. 
D)  glial cells. 
E)  axons.

Question 18

When you read this question and eventually mark an answer, your neurons busily send information to and from your brain, and compare it against what you learned in class. Coordination of these processes is supplied by

Accepted Answer

A)  afferent neurons. 
B)  efferent neurons. 
C)  interneurons. 
D)  glial cells. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  afferent neurons. 
B)  efferent neurons. 
C)  interneurons. 
D)  glial cells. 
E)  None of the above

Question 19

The two primary cell types of the nervous system are _______ and _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  fibroblasts; chondrocytes 
B)  neurons; glial cells 
C)  epithelial cells; glandular cells 
D)  neurons; epithelial cells 
E)  neuromuscular cells; epithelial cells 
A)  fibroblasts; chondrocytes 
B)  neurons; glial cells 
C)  epithelial cells; glandular cells 
D)  neurons; epithelial cells 
E)  neuromuscular cells; epithelial cells

Question 20

The resting potential of a neuron is due mostly to

Accepted Answer

A)  local current spread. 
B)  open Na+ channels. 
C)  synaptic summation. 
D)  open K+ channels. 
E)  open Cl- channels. 
A)  local current spread. 
B)  open Na+ channels. 
C)  synaptic summation. 
D)  open K+ channels. 
E)  open Cl- channels.

Exam 45: Neurons and Nervous Systems

Long-term potentiation

Which statement about synaptic transmission is not true?

If Na+ channels open and sodium ions diffuse into the cell,

Neurotransmitters

The part of the neuron specialized for receiving impulses is the _______.

The electrical events labeled as EPSPs are the result of _______ of the _______ membrane.

What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron?

The sodium-potassium pump

The cells that create the blood-brain barrier, keeping some toxic substances from entering the brain, are _______ and belong to a type of neural tissue called _______.

The information that flows through the nervous system moves from cell to cell by means of chemical or _______ synapses.

Most nerve cells communicate with others by means of

The nicotinic receptors of acetylcholine are not metabotropic receptors but rather _______ receptors.

Refer to the diagram below of a neuromuscular junction. Which cellular event is correctly paired with the location where it occurs?

The human capacity to learn, process information, carry out complex tasks, and experience emotions

Use the following to answer questions: Refer to the graph below, showing the course of an action potential. -In the action potential shown, the x-axis should be labeled _______, and the y-axis should be labeled _______.

Which of the following can carry electric charges across the cell membrane?

Neurons generally receive information via their

When you read this question and eventually mark an answer, your neurons busily send information to and from your brain, and compare it against what you learned in class. Coordination of these processes is supplied by

The two primary cell types of the nervous system are _______ and _______.

The resting potential of a neuron is due mostly to

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Filters

If Na⁺ channels open and sodium ions diffuse into the cell,

The electrical events labeled as EPSPs are the result of _ of the _ membrane.

The cells that create the blood-brain barrier, keeping some toxic substances from entering the brain, are _ and belong to a type of neural tissue called _.

Use the following to answer questions: Refer to the graph below, showing the course of an action potential. -In the action potential shown, the x-axis should be labeled _, and the y-axis should be labeled _.

The two primary cell types of the nervous system are _ and _.