Question 1

A genetic test to detect predisposition to cancer would likely examine the APC gene for involvement in which type(s)of cancer?

Accepted Answer

A) colorectal only 
B) lung and breast 
C) small intestinal and esophageal 
D) lung only 
E) lung and prostate 
A) colorectal only 
B) lung and breast 
C) small intestinal and esophageal 
D) lung only 
E) lung and prostate

Question 2

Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to

Accepted Answer

A) having different genes. 
B) having different chromosomes. 
C) using different genetic codes. 
D) having different genes expressed. 
E) having unique ribosomes. 
A) having different genes. 
B) having different chromosomes. 
C) using different genetic codes. 
D) having different genes expressed. 
E) having unique ribosomes.

Question 3

Use the following scenario to answer the following questions.
Suppose an experimenter becomes proficient with a technique that allows her to move DNA sequences within a prokaryotic genome.
-If she moves the promoter for the lac operon to the region between the beta galactosidase gene and the permease gene, which of the following would be likely?

Accepted Answer

A) Three structural genes will no longer be expressed. 
B) RNA polymerase will no longer transcribe permease. 
C) The operon will no longer be inducible. 
D) Beta galactosidase will be produced. 
E) The cell will continue to metabolize but more slowly. 
A) Three structural genes will no longer be expressed. 
B) RNA polymerase will no longer transcribe permease. 
C) The operon will no longer be inducible. 
D) Beta galactosidase will be produced. 
E) The cell will continue to metabolize but more slowly.

Question 4

Two potential devices that eukaryotic cells use to regulate transcription are

Accepted Answer

A) DNA methylation and histone amplification. 
B) DNA amplification and histone methylation. 
C) DNA acetylation and methylation. 
D) DNA methylation and histone acetylation. 
E) histone amplification and DNA acetylation. 
A) DNA methylation and histone amplification. 
B) DNA amplification and histone methylation. 
C) DNA acetylation and methylation. 
D) DNA methylation and histone acetylation. 
E) histone amplification and DNA acetylation.

Question 5

The researcher in question measures the amount of new polypeptide production in embryos from 2-8 hours following fertilization and the results show a steady and significant rise in polypeptide concentration over that time. The researcher concludes that

Accepted Answer

A) his measurement skills must be faulty. 
B) the results are due to building new cell membranes to compartmentalize dividing nuclei. 
C) the resulting new polypeptides are due to translation of maternal mRNAs. 
D) the new polypeptides were inactive and not measurable until fertilization. 
E) polypeptides were attached to egg membranes until this time. 
A) his measurement skills must be faulty. 
B) the results are due to building new cell membranes to compartmentalize dividing nuclei. 
C) the resulting new polypeptides are due to translation of maternal mRNAs. 
D) the new polypeptides were inactive and not measurable until fertilization. 
E) polypeptides were attached to egg membranes until this time.

Question 6

A researcher found a method she could use to manipulate and quantify phosphorylation and methylation in embryonic cells in culture. In one set of experiments she succeeded in decreasing methylation of histone tails. Which of the following results would she most likely see?

Accepted Answer

A) increased chromatin condensation 
B) decreased chromatin concentration 
C) abnormalities of mouse embryos 
D) decreased binding of transcription factors 
E) inactivation of the selected genes 
A) increased chromatin condensation 
B) decreased chromatin concentration 
C) abnormalities of mouse embryos 
D) decreased binding of transcription factors 
E) inactivation of the selected genes

Question 7

What is considered to be the first evidence of differentiation in the cells of an embryo?

Accepted Answer

A) cell division 
B) the occurrence of mRNAs for the production of tissue-specific proteins 
C) determination 
D) changes in the size and shape of the cell 
E) changes resulting from induction 
A) cell division 
B) the occurrence of mRNAs for the production of tissue-specific proteins 
C) determination 
D) changes in the size and shape of the cell 
E) changes resulting from induction

Question 8

If you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to

Accepted Answer

A) be replicating nearly continuously. 
B) be unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis. 
C) have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription. 
D) be very actively transcribed and translated. 
E) induce protein synthesis by not allowing repressors to bind to it. 
A) be replicating nearly continuously. 
B) be unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis. 
C) have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription. 
D) be very actively transcribed and translated. 
E) induce protein synthesis by not allowing repressors to bind to it.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is True?

Accepted Answer

A) Most of the DNA codes for protein. 
B) The majority of genes are likely to be transcribed. 
C) Each gene lies immediately adjacent to an enhancer. 
D) Many genes are grouped into operon-like clusters. 
E) It is the same as the DNA in one of your heart cells. 
A) Most of the DNA codes for protein. 
B) The majority of genes are likely to be transcribed. 
C) Each gene lies immediately adjacent to an enhancer. 
D) Many genes are grouped into operon-like clusters. 
E) It is the same as the DNA in one of your heart cells.

Question 10

Genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation are all examples of

Accepted Answer

A) genetic mutation. 
B) chromosomal rearrangements. 
C) karyotypes. 
D) epigenetic phenomena. 
E) translocation. 
A) genetic mutation. 
B) chromosomal rearrangements. 
C) karyotypes. 
D) epigenetic phenomena. 
E) translocation.

Question 11

The phenomenon in which RNA molecules in a cell are destroyed if they have a sequence complementary to an introduced double-stranded RNA is called

Accepted Answer

A) RNA interference. 
B) RNA obstruction. 
C) RNA blocking. 
D) RNA targeting. 
E) RNA disposal. 
A) RNA interference. 
B) RNA obstruction. 
C) RNA blocking. 
D) RNA targeting. 
E) RNA disposal.

Question 12

Within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given mRNA molecule depends partly on

Accepted Answer

A) the degree of DNA methylation. 
B) the rate at which the mRNA is degraded. 
C) the presence of certain transcription factors. 
D) the number of introns present in the mRNA. 
E) the types of ribosomes present in the cytoplasm. 
A) the degree of DNA methylation. 
B) the rate at which the mRNA is degraded. 
C) the presence of certain transcription factors. 
D) the number of introns present in the mRNA. 
E) the types of ribosomes present in the cytoplasm.

Question 13

Differentiation of cells is not easily reversible because it involves

Accepted Answer

A) changes in the nucleotide sequence of genes within the genome. 
B) changes in chromatin structure that make certain regions of the genome more accessible. 
C) chemical modifications of histones and DNA methylation. 
D) frameshift mutations and inversions. 
E) excision of some coding sequences. 
A) changes in the nucleotide sequence of genes within the genome. 
B) changes in chromatin structure that make certain regions of the genome more accessible. 
C) chemical modifications of histones and DNA methylation. 
D) frameshift mutations and inversions. 
E) excision of some coding sequences.

Question 14

A researcher found a method she could use to manipulate and quantify phosphorylation and methylation in embryonic cells in culture. One of her colleagues suggested she try increased methylation of C nucleotides in a mammalian system. Which of the following results would she most likely see?

Accepted Answer

A) increased chromatin condensation 
B) decreased chromatin concentration 
C) abnormalities of mouse embryos 
D) decreased binding of transcription factors 
E) inactivation of the selected genes 
A) increased chromatin condensation 
B) decreased chromatin concentration 
C) abnormalities of mouse embryos 
D) decreased binding of transcription factors 
E) inactivation of the selected genes

Question 15

Proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause cancer. Which of the following best explains the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Proto-oncogenes first arose from viral infections. 
B) Proto-oncogenes normally help regulate cell division. 
C) Proto-oncogenes are genetic "junk." 
D) Proto-oncogenes are mutant versions of normal genes. 
E) Cells produce proto-oncogenes as they age. 
A) Proto-oncogenes first arose from viral infections. 
B) Proto-oncogenes normally help regulate cell division. 
C) Proto-oncogenes are genetic "junk." 
D) Proto-oncogenes are mutant versions of normal genes. 
E) Cells produce proto-oncogenes as they age.

Question 16

Which of the following is most likely to have a small protein called ubiquitin attached to it?

Accepted Answer

A) a cyclin that usually acts in G1, now that the cell is in G2 
B) a cell surface protein that requires transport from the ER 
C) an mRNA that is leaving the nucleus to be translated 
D) a regulatory protein that requires sugar residues to be attached 
E) an mRNA produced by an egg cell that will be retained until after fertilization 
A) a cyclin that usually acts in G1, now that the cell is in G2 
B) a cell surface protein that requires transport from the ER 
C) an mRNA that is leaving the nucleus to be translated 
D) a regulatory protein that requires sugar residues to be attached 
E) an mRNA produced by an egg cell that will be retained until after fertilization

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional control of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A) the addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases of DNA 
B) the binding of transcription factors to a promoter 
C) the removal of introns and splicing together of exons 
D) gene amplification during a stage in development 
E) the folding of DNA to form heterochromatin 
A) the addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases of DNA 
B) the binding of transcription factors to a promoter 
C) the removal of introns and splicing together of exons 
D) gene amplification during a stage in development 
E) the folding of DNA to form heterochromatin

Question 18

The lactose operon is likely to be transcribed when

Accepted Answer

A) there is more glucose in the cell than lactose. 
B) the cyclic AMP levels are low. 
C) there is glucose but no lactose in the cell. 
D) the cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell. 
E) the cAMP level is high and the lactose level is low. 
A) there is more glucose in the cell than lactose. 
B) the cyclic AMP levels are low. 
C) there is glucose but no lactose in the cell. 
D) the cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell. 
E) the cAMP level is high and the lactose level is low.

Question 19

In eukaryotes, general transcription factors

Accepted Answer

A) are required for the expression of specific protein-encoding genes. 
B) bind to other proteins or to a sequence element within the promoter called the TATA box. 
C) inhibit RNA polymerase binding to the promoter and begin transcribing. 
D) usually lead to a high level of transcription even without additional specific transcription factors. 
E) bind to sequences just after the start site of transcription. 
A) are required for the expression of specific protein-encoding genes. 
B) bind to other proteins or to a sequence element within the promoter called the TATA box. 
C) inhibit RNA polymerase binding to the promoter and begin transcribing. 
D) usually lead to a high level of transcription even without additional specific transcription factors. 
E) bind to sequences just after the start site of transcription.

Question 20

Which of the following serve as sources of developmental information?

Accepted Answer

A) cytoplasmic determinants such as mRNAs and proteins produced before fertilization 
B) signal molecules produced by the maturing zygote 
C) ubiquitous enzymes such as DNA polymerase and DNA ligase 
D) paternally deposited proteins 
E) specific operons within the zygote genome 
A) cytoplasmic determinants such as mRNAs and proteins produced before fertilization 
B) signal molecules produced by the maturing zygote 
C) ubiquitous enzymes such as DNA polymerase and DNA ligase 
D) paternally deposited proteins 
E) specific operons within the zygote genome

Exam 18: Control of Gene Expression

A genetic test to detect predisposition to cancer would likely examine the APC gene for involvement in which type(s)of cancer?

Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to

Two potential devices that eukaryotic cells use to regulate transcription are

The researcher in question measures the amount of new polypeptide production in embryos from 2-8 hours following fertilization and the results show a steady and significant rise in polypeptide concentration over that time. The researcher concludes that

A researcher found a method she could use to manipulate and quantify phosphorylation and methylation in embryonic cells in culture. In one set of experiments she succeeded in decreasing methylation of histone tails. Which of the following results would she most likely see?

What is considered to be the first evidence of differentiation in the cells of an embryo?

If you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to

Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is True?

Genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation are all examples of

The phenomenon in which RNA molecules in a cell are destroyed if they have a sequence complementary to an introduced double-stranded RNA is called

Within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given mRNA molecule depends partly on

Differentiation of cells is not easily reversible because it involves

A researcher found a method she could use to manipulate and quantify phosphorylation and methylation in embryonic cells in culture. One of her colleagues suggested she try increased methylation of C nucleotides in a mammalian system. Which of the following results would she most likely see?

Proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause cancer. Which of the following best explains the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells?

Which of the following is most likely to have a small protein called ubiquitin attached to it?

Which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional control of gene expression?

The lactose operon is likely to be transcribed when

In eukaryotes, general transcription factors

Which of the following serve as sources of developmental information?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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