Question 1

A nonsense mutation

Accepted Answer

A)  is a result of a change in a codon for an amino acid in a protein to a stop codon. 
B)  results in a shorter mRNA transcript of the gene. 
C)  results in a protein that is truncated from the N-terminal end. 
D)  would likely not affect the activity of a protein. 
E)  would not affect the primary structure of a protein. 
A)  is a result of a change in a codon for an amino acid in a protein to a stop codon. 
B)  results in a shorter mRNA transcript of the gene. 
C)  results in a protein that is truncated from the N-terminal end. 
D)  would likely not affect the activity of a protein. 
E)  would not affect the primary structure of a protein.

Question 2

Ingesting which of the following would be safest for a person with PKU?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dietary products 
B)  Diet drinks with aspartame 
C)  Bread 
D)  Lofenalac 
E)  Fish 
A)  Dietary products 
B)  Diet drinks with aspartame 
C)  Bread 
D)  Lofenalac 
E)  Fish

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true regarding allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization?

Accepted Answer

A)  It uses oligonucleotide probes. 
B)  A minimum of a dozen bases is required. 
C)  The probe may be radioactive or fluorescent so hybridization can be easily detected. 
D)  It can reveal whether individuals are heterozygous. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  It uses oligonucleotide probes. 
B)  A minimum of a dozen bases is required. 
C)  The probe may be radioactive or fluorescent so hybridization can be easily detected. 
D)  It can reveal whether individuals are heterozygous. 
E)  All of the above

Question 4

An abnormal protein that is able to infect and alter normal protein three-dimensional structures is called a _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An abnormal protein that is able to...

Question 5

The rates of DNA mutations are _______ in different organisms.

Accepted Answer

A)  the same 
B)  constant 
C)  different 
D)  dependent on health 
E)  dependent on temperature 
A)  the same 
B)  constant 
C)  different 
D)  dependent on health 
E)  dependent on temperature

Question 6

The DNA _______ project attempts to identify all organisms on Earth.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The DNA _______ project attempts to identify...

Question 7

Which of the following diseases results from an improperly functioning receptor protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sickle-cell anemia 
B)  PKU 
C)  Hemophilia 
D)  BSE 
E)  Familial hypercholesterolemia 
A)  Sickle-cell anemia 
B)  PKU 
C)  Hemophilia 
D)  BSE 
E)  Familial hypercholesterolemia

Question 8

Treating genetic diseases

Accepted Answer

A)  is successful for the majority of genetic diseases. 
B)  always includes gene replacement therapy. 
C)  works only for inherited diseases. 
D)  requires an understanding of how the disease works at the molecular level. 
E)  works only for diseases of somatic cells. 
A)  is successful for the majority of genetic diseases. 
B)  always includes gene replacement therapy. 
C)  works only for inherited diseases. 
D)  requires an understanding of how the disease works at the molecular level. 
E)  works only for diseases of somatic cells.

Question 9

Expanding repeats have been found in several diseases. How do expanding repeats cause a disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  All the codons are translated, causing a malfunctioning of the cell. 
B)  It increases methylation of the adenines, which stops transcription. 
C)  DNA polymerase is not able to properly attach to the promoter to start translation. 
D)  The repeats interfere with translation of normal mRNAs. 
E)  They cause a frame-shift mutation. 
A)  All the codons are translated, causing a malfunctioning of the cell. 
B)  It increases methylation of the adenines, which stops transcription. 
C)  DNA polymerase is not able to properly attach to the promoter to start translation. 
D)  The repeats interfere with translation of normal mRNAs. 
E)  They cause a frame-shift mutation.

Question 10

A single hair is found at the scene of a crime. Which technology would you use first to determine if the hair could have come from a certain suspect?

Accepted Answer

A)  PCR 
B)  DNA sequencing 
C)  Fragment cloning 
D)  Probing 
E)  Antisense RNA 
A)  PCR 
B)  DNA sequencing 
C)  Fragment cloning 
D)  Probing 
E)  Antisense RNA

Question 11

In families with the fragile-X chromosomal abnormality, males with a moderate number of triplet repeats are usually unaffected and are considered to be _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In families with the fragile-X chromosomal abnormality,...

Question 12

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are

Accepted Answer

A)  caused by a protein. 
B)  genetic diseases. 
C)  not transmissible to humans. 
D)  caused by RNA. 
E)  caused by viruses. 
A)  caused by a protein. 
B)  genetic diseases. 
C)  not transmissible to humans. 
D)  caused by RNA. 
E)  caused by viruses.

Question 13

A nonfunctional membrane protein is responsible for

Accepted Answer

A)  hemophilia. 
B)  sickle-cell disease. 
C)  Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 
D)  cystic fibrosis. 
E)  PKU. 
A)  hemophilia. 
B)  sickle-cell disease. 
C)  Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 
D)  cystic fibrosis. 
E)  PKU.

Question 14

Which of the following techniques relies on the same principle as RFLP?

Accepted Answer

A)  Amniocentesis 
B)  Screening by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization 
C)  Screening by allele-specific cleavage 
D)  Guthrie's test for PKU 
E)  Preimplantation screening 
A)  Amniocentesis 
B)  Screening by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization 
C)  Screening by allele-specific cleavage 
D)  Guthrie's test for PKU 
E)  Preimplantation screening

Question 15

Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific sequences by hydrolyzing

Accepted Answer

A)  the 3´ hydroxyl of one nucleotide and the 5´ phosphate of the next one. 
B)  at the 1´ carbons to cleave the nitrogenous bases. 
C)  at the 2´ carbons to cleave hydroxyl groups. 
D)  two phosphodiester linkages on the same strand. 
E)  four phosphodiester linkages, two on each strand. 
A)  the 3´ hydroxyl of one nucleotide and the 5´ phosphate of the next one. 
B)  at the 1´ carbons to cleave the nitrogenous bases. 
C)  at the 2´ carbons to cleave hydroxyl groups. 
D)  two phosphodiester linkages on the same strand. 
E)  four phosphodiester linkages, two on each strand.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about fragile-X syndrome is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It affects more women than men. 
B)  Nearly all people with the fragile-X chromosomal abnormality are mentally retarded. 
C)  Individuals with more triplet repeats are less likely to get the disease. 
D)  In families with fragile-X syndrome, later generations tend to show more and more severe symptoms of the disease. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  It affects more women than men. 
B)  Nearly all people with the fragile-X chromosomal abnormality are mentally retarded. 
C)  Individuals with more triplet repeats are less likely to get the disease. 
D)  In families with fragile-X syndrome, later generations tend to show more and more severe symptoms of the disease. 
E)  None of the above

Question 17

Enzymes break the bonds of the DNA backbone between the 3´ hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 5´ phosphate group of the next nucleotide. This process is called _______.

Accepted Answer

restrictio

Question 18

Which of the following mutations would still allow protein X to be functional?

Accepted Answer

A)  A missense mutation in the third codon of gene X 
B)  A silent mutation in the third codon of gene X 
C)  A deletion of the first three codons of gene X 
D)  A frame-shift mutation in the third codon of gene X 
E)  A nonsense mutation in the third codon of gene X 
A)  A missense mutation in the third codon of gene X 
B)  A silent mutation in the third codon of gene X 
C)  A deletion of the first three codons of gene X 
D)  A frame-shift mutation in the third codon of gene X 
E)  A nonsense mutation in the third codon of gene X

Question 19

Mutations

Accepted Answer

A)  are always deleterious. 
B)  can arise from errors in DNA replication. 
C)  are always caused by mutagens. 
D)  occur at the same rate for all bases. 
E)  are of no importance to evolution. 
A)  are always deleterious. 
B)  can arise from errors in DNA replication. 
C)  are always caused by mutagens. 
D)  occur at the same rate for all bases. 
E)  are of no importance to evolution.

Question 20

Two individuals have a mutation in gene X but at different sites. The mutation affects the first individual adversely, and the second individual experiences no effect. Explain this observation.

Accepted Answer

The mutation in gene X in the first indi

Exam 15: Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

A nonsense mutation

Ingesting which of the following would be safest for a person with PKU?

Which of the following statements is true regarding allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization?

An abnormal protein that is able to infect and alter normal protein three-dimensional structures is called a _______.

The rates of DNA mutations are _______ in different organisms.

The DNA _______ project attempts to identify all organisms on Earth.

Which of the following diseases results from an improperly functioning receptor protein?

Treating genetic diseases

Expanding repeats have been found in several diseases. How do expanding repeats cause a disease?

A single hair is found at the scene of a crime. Which technology would you use first to determine if the hair could have come from a certain suspect?

In families with the fragile-X chromosomal abnormality, males with a moderate number of triplet repeats are usually unaffected and are considered to be _______.

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are

A nonfunctional membrane protein is responsible for

Which of the following techniques relies on the same principle as RFLP?

Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific sequences by hydrolyzing

Which of the following statements about fragile-X syndrome is true?

Enzymes break the bonds of the DNA backbone between the 3´ hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 5´ phosphate group of the next nucleotide. This process is called _______.

Which of the following mutations would still allow protein X to be functional?

Mutations

Two individuals have a mutation in gene X but at different sites. The mutation affects the first individual adversely, and the second individual experiences no effect. Explain this observation.

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