Question 1

Monarch butterflies are toxic to many of their predators because they

Accepted Answer

A)  have a mutualistic relationship with a fungus that produces a toxin in exchange for nutrition. 
B)  have a mutualistic relationship with a bacterium that produces a toxin in exchange for nutrition. 
C)  eat milkweed and are able to sequester the toxins from that plant. 
D)  have evolved an enzyme that produces a toxin. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  have a mutualistic relationship with a fungus that produces a toxin in exchange for nutrition. 
B)  have a mutualistic relationship with a bacterium that produces a toxin in exchange for nutrition. 
C)  eat milkweed and are able to sequester the toxins from that plant. 
D)  have evolved an enzyme that produces a toxin. 
E)  None of the above

Question 2

Two of the main characters in the animated film Finding Nemo are anemonefish (also known as clown fish), which live inside of sea anemones and are unaffected by their stings. How is this relationship an example of the ways in which interactions between species are not always easily classifiable?

Accepted Answer

The anemonefish clearly benefit from the

Question 3

According to the results of Connell's experiments, the distribution of stellate barnacles is restricted by

Accepted Answer

A)  desiccation. 
B)  cold temperatures. 
C)  predation. 
D)  competition. 
E)  parasitism. 
A)  desiccation. 
B)  cold temperatures. 
C)  predation. 
D)  competition. 
E)  parasitism.

Question 4

Three species of snails that are toxic to their bird predators have evolved similar patterns of coloration that help notify the birds of their poisonous nature. This phenomenon is best described as

Accepted Answer

A)  Müllerian mimicry. 
B)  Batesian mimicry. 
C)  character displacement. 
D)  crypsis. 
E)  homotypy. 
A)  Müllerian mimicry. 
B)  Batesian mimicry. 
C)  character displacement. 
D)  crypsis. 
E)  homotypy.

Question 5

How are pollinator-plant interactions different from frugivore-fruit interactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plant-pollen interactions only benefit the plant. 
B)  Frugivore-fruit interactions do not always benefit the plant, while plant-pollen interactions benefit both. 
C)  Frugivore-fruit interactions always benefit the plant and the frugivore. 
D)  Plant-pollen interactions benefit both organisms. 
E)  There are no specific differences. 
A)  Plant-pollen interactions only benefit the plant. 
B)  Frugivore-fruit interactions do not always benefit the plant, while plant-pollen interactions benefit both. 
C)  Frugivore-fruit interactions always benefit the plant and the frugivore. 
D)  Plant-pollen interactions benefit both organisms. 
E)  There are no specific differences.

Question 6

Two similar species of lemurs exist in Madagascar. One species eats leaves from the understory of trees, and the other eats leaves from the top of those trees. This phenomenon would be described as

Accepted Answer

A)  competitive exclusion. 
B)  interference competition. 
C)  exploitative competition. 
D)  resource partitioning. 
E)  character displacement. 
A)  competitive exclusion. 
B)  interference competition. 
C)  exploitative competition. 
D)  resource partitioning. 
E)  character displacement.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about a predator-prey relationship is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is an antagonistic relationship. 
B)  The predators tend to be more specialized than other types of consumers. 
C)  The relationship has negative consequences for both species involved. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  It is an antagonistic relationship. 
B)  The predators tend to be more specialized than other types of consumers. 
C)  The relationship has negative consequences for both species involved. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 8

In the exchange between plants and frugivores, plants exchange food for _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the exchange between plants and frugivores,...

Question 9

The intertidal zonation seen in the barnacles in Connell's studies is due to

Accepted Answer

A)  competitive interactions and predation. 
B)  competitive interactions and differential susceptibility to abiotic conditions. 
C)  predation and differential susceptibility to abiotic conditions. 
D)  susceptibility to abiotic conditions and parasitism. 
E)  parasitism and predation. 
A)  competitive interactions and predation. 
B)  competitive interactions and differential susceptibility to abiotic conditions. 
C)  predation and differential susceptibility to abiotic conditions. 
D)  susceptibility to abiotic conditions and parasitism. 
E)  parasitism and predation.

Question 10

A bird eats the fruit of a plant species. The seeds are not digested and germinate in the bird's excrement at some distance from the parent plant. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  predation. 
B)  competition. 
C)  commensalism. 
D)  mutualism. 
E)  amensalism. 
A)  predation. 
B)  competition. 
C)  commensalism. 
D)  mutualism. 
E)  amensalism.

Question 11

The likelihood that a species of spadefoot toad will develop into a carnivore morph (as opposed to an omnivore morph) depends on whether it is in the vicinity of a competitor. This dependence is an example of _______.

Accepted Answer

character

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of character displacement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Early in its growing season, scarlet gilia produces red flowers that attract hummingbirds; later in the season, the plant produces white flowers that attract hawkmoths. 
B)  Large polyphagous herbivores usually eat a wide variety of plants in order to minimize their exposure to the toxins of any one plant. 
C)  A species of butterfly that is edible by bird predators evolves the color patterns of another butterfly species that is toxic to the predators. 
D)  Finches in the Galápagos Islands are larger on islands where bees are present because the bees compete with the finches for cactus nectar. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Early in its growing season, scarlet gilia produces red flowers that attract hummingbirds; later in the season, the plant produces white flowers that attract hawkmoths. 
B)  Large polyphagous herbivores usually eat a wide variety of plants in order to minimize their exposure to the toxins of any one plant. 
C)  A species of butterfly that is edible by bird predators evolves the color patterns of another butterfly species that is toxic to the predators. 
D)  Finches in the Galápagos Islands are larger on islands where bees are present because the bees compete with the finches for cactus nectar. 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

Two organisms that use the same resources when those resources are in short supply are said to be

Accepted Answer

A)  predators. 
B)  competitors. 
C)  mutualists. 
D)  commensalists. 
E)  amensalists. 
A)  predators. 
B)  competitors. 
C)  mutualists. 
D)  commensalists. 
E)  amensalists.

Question 14

One factor that can constrain the realized niche occupied by an organism is

Accepted Answer

A)  immigration. 
B)  aposematism. 
C)  mimicry. 
D)  parasitism. 
E)  competition. 
A)  immigration. 
B)  aposematism. 
C)  mimicry. 
D)  parasitism. 
E)  competition.

Question 15

Which of the following would be most likely to evolve adaptations that would enable them to grasp onto and maintain a tight grip on their hosts?

Accepted Answer

A)  Amensals 
B)  Ectoparasites 
C)  Microparasites 
D)  Herbivores 
E)  Guild parasites 
A)  Amensals 
B)  Ectoparasites 
C)  Microparasites 
D)  Herbivores 
E)  Guild parasites

Question 16

Homotypy is a type of

Accepted Answer

A)  aposematism. 
B)  Müllerian mimicry. 
C)  Batesian mimicry. 
D)  chemical defense. 
E)  crypsis. 
A)  aposematism. 
B)  Müllerian mimicry. 
C)  Batesian mimicry. 
D)  chemical defense. 
E)  crypsis.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about pathogens and their hosts is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pathogens are always selected evolutionarily to kill their host as quickly as possible. 
B)  Increased host resistance can lead to stable coexistence between pathogen and host. 
C)  Hosts are classified as susceptible, immune, or recovered. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  Pathogens are always selected evolutionarily to kill their host as quickly as possible. 
B)  Increased host resistance can lead to stable coexistence between pathogen and host. 
C)  Hosts are classified as susceptible, immune, or recovered. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 18

Bright coloration that warns predators of prey toxicity is called

Accepted Answer

A)  aposematism. 
B)  crypsis. 
C)  homotypy. 
D)  amensalism. 
E)  character displacement. 
A)  aposematism. 
B)  crypsis. 
C)  homotypy. 
D)  amensalism. 
E)  character displacement.

Question 19

Some mimicry systems (e.g., those involving tropical butterflies) include several toxic species and several palatable species, all of which are aposematic and resemble one another closely. How would you classify these mimicry systems-Batesian, Müllerian, or both? Why might natural selection have favored the evolution of such complex mimicry systems?

Accepted Answer

This type of mimicry system is both Bate

Question 20

As their name suggests, stick insects ("walking sticks") strongly resemble sticks or twigs. The most specific term for this method of avoiding detection by predators is

Accepted Answer

A)  mimicry. 
B)  camouflage. 
C)  aposematism. 
D)  crypsis. 
E)  homotypy. 
A)  mimicry. 
B)  camouflage. 
C)  aposematism. 
D)  crypsis. 
E)  homotypy.

Exam 56: Species Interaction and Coevolution

Monarch butterflies are toxic to many of their predators because they

Two of the main characters in the animated film Finding Nemo are anemonefish (also known as clown fish), which live inside of sea anemones and are unaffected by their stings. How is this relationship an example of the ways in which interactions between species are not always easily classifiable?

According to the results of Connell's experiments, the distribution of stellate barnacles is restricted by

Three species of snails that are toxic to their bird predators have evolved similar patterns of coloration that help notify the birds of their poisonous nature. This phenomenon is best described as

How are pollinator-plant interactions different from frugivore-fruit interactions?

Two similar species of lemurs exist in Madagascar. One species eats leaves from the understory of trees, and the other eats leaves from the top of those trees. This phenomenon would be described as

Which of the following statements about a predator-prey relationship is true?

In the exchange between plants and frugivores, plants exchange food for _______.

The intertidal zonation seen in the barnacles in Connell's studies is due to

A bird eats the fruit of a plant species. The seeds are not digested and germinate in the bird's excrement at some distance from the parent plant. This is an example of

The likelihood that a species of spadefoot toad will develop into a carnivore morph (as opposed to an omnivore morph) depends on whether it is in the vicinity of a competitor. This dependence is an example of _______.

Which of the following is an example of character displacement?

Two organisms that use the same resources when those resources are in short supply are said to be

One factor that can constrain the realized niche occupied by an organism is

Which of the following would be most likely to evolve adaptations that would enable them to grasp onto and maintain a tight grip on their hosts?

Homotypy is a type of

Which of the following statements about pathogens and their hosts is true?

Bright coloration that warns predators of prey toxicity is called

As their name suggests, stick insects ("walking sticks") strongly resemble sticks or twigs. The most specific term for this method of avoiding detection by predators is

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