Question 1

Terrestrial plants fix carbon via the process of _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Terrestrial plants fix carbon via the process...

Question 2

A key component of nucleic acids and ATP is

Accepted Answer

A)  iron. 
B)  iodine. 
C)  cobalt. 
D)  phosphorus. 
E)  sulfur. 
A)  iron. 
B)  iodine. 
C)  cobalt. 
D)  phosphorus. 
E)  sulfur.

Question 3

Environmental writers introduced the idea of "natural capital" in the 1940s and it was in 1970 that ecosystems were first said to provide people with a variety of "goods and services." The "goods" include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  food. 
B)  clean air and water. 
C)  fuel. 
D)  pollination. 
E)  fiber. 
A)  food. 
B)  clean air and water. 
C)  fuel. 
D)  pollination. 
E)  fiber.

Question 4

Which of the following is not expected to be a likely consequence of global warming?

Accepted Answer

A)  Melting of the polar ice caps 
B)  Increased precipitation in coastal areas 
C)  Increased precipitation in central areas of continents 
D)  Increased disease outbreaks 
E)  All of the above are likely consequences of global warming. 
A)  Melting of the polar ice caps 
B)  Increased precipitation in coastal areas 
C)  Increased precipitation in central areas of continents 
D)  Increased disease outbreaks 
E)  All of the above are likely consequences of global warming.

Question 5

In most fairly large temperate-zone lakes that freeze during the winter, turnover takes place _______ a year.

Accepted Answer

A)  once 
B)  twice 
C)  three times 
D)  four times 
E)  None of the above; these lakes do not turn over. 
A)  once 
B)  twice 
C)  three times 
D)  four times 
E)  None of the above; these lakes do not turn over.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about large-scale fires is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most fires are due to lightning strikes. 
B)  Fire is a major cause of greenhouse gas emissions. 
C)  Fire can easily vaporize nitrogen and other nutrients. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  Most fires are due to lightning strikes. 
B)  Fire is a major cause of greenhouse gas emissions. 
C)  Fire can easily vaporize nitrogen and other nutrients. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 7

Acid precipitation results from human modifications of

Accepted Answer

A)  the carbon and nitrogen cycles. 
B)  the carbon and sulfur cycles. 
C)  the carbon and phosphorus cycles. 
D)  the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. 
E)  the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. 
A)  the carbon and nitrogen cycles. 
B)  the carbon and sulfur cycles. 
C)  the carbon and phosphorus cycles. 
D)  the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. 
E)  the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.

Question 8

Which of the following is a consequence of eutrophication?

Accepted Answer

A)  Upwelling zones 
B)  Dead zones 
C)  Outbreaks of dinoflagellates 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  Upwelling zones 
B)  Dead zones 
C)  Outbreaks of dinoflagellates 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Both b and c

Question 9

The most rapid changes in ecosystems have taken place in _______ biomes.

Accepted Answer

A)  polar 
B)  temperate 
C)  tropical 
D)  boreal forest 
E)  alpine 
A)  polar 
B)  temperate 
C)  tropical 
D)  boreal forest 
E)  alpine

Question 10

Increasing nitrogen fixation by humans has led to

Accepted Answer

A)  increased greenhouse gas emissions. 
B)  increased species richness in grasslands. 
C)  decreased species richness in grasslands. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c 
A)  increased greenhouse gas emissions. 
B)  increased species richness in grasslands. 
C)  decreased species richness in grasslands. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c

Question 11

Algal beds contribute very little to Earth's primary production because they

Accepted Answer

A)  are limited by insufficient light. 
B)  are limited by oxygen depletion. 
C)  are limited by insufficient phosphorus. 
D)  are limited by insufficient nitrogen. 
E)  constitute a very small fraction of Earth's surface. 
A)  are limited by insufficient light. 
B)  are limited by oxygen depletion. 
C)  are limited by insufficient phosphorus. 
D)  are limited by insufficient nitrogen. 
E)  constitute a very small fraction of Earth's surface.

Question 12

If the oceans were able to absorb more carbon dioxide, the rate at which the Arctic sea ice melts would likely _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the oceans were able to absorb...

Question 13

Primary production in aquatic systems is limited by

Accepted Answer

A)  low light levels. 
B)  a scarcity of nutrients. 
C)  cold temperatures. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  All of the above 
A)  low light levels. 
B)  a scarcity of nutrients. 
C)  cold temperatures. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  All of the above

Question 14

The process by which a lake ecosystem is altered by eutrophication involves several stages. Which of the following represents the correct ordering of stages in the chain of causation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Algal populations die off; algal blooms occur; oxygen levels drop in deeper water; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases 
B)  Oxygen levels drop in deeper water; phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; algal blooms occur; algal populations die off 
C)  Phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases; algal blooms occur; algal populations die off; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; oxygen levels drop in deeper water 
D)  Phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases; algal blooms occur; oxygen levels drop in deeper water; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; algal populations die off 
E)  Phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; oxygen levels drop in deeper water; algal blooms occur; algal populations die off 
A)  Algal populations die off; algal blooms occur; oxygen levels drop in deeper water; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases 
B)  Oxygen levels drop in deeper water; phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; algal blooms occur; algal populations die off 
C)  Phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases; algal blooms occur; algal populations die off; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; oxygen levels drop in deeper water 
D)  Phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases; algal blooms occur; oxygen levels drop in deeper water; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; algal populations die off 
E)  Phosphorus input from sewage and agricultural runoff increases; respiratory demand from decomposers increases; oxygen levels drop in deeper water; algal blooms occur; algal populations die off

Question 15

When cooled from 12°C to 5°C, water becomes _______ dense.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When cooled from 12°C to 5°C, water...

Question 16

Humans consume roughly _______ of the world's net primary production.

Accepted Answer

A)  one-thousandth 
B)  one-hundredth 
C)  one-tenth 
D)  one-quarter 
E)  one-half 
A)  one-thousandth 
B)  one-hundredth 
C)  one-tenth 
D)  one-quarter 
E)  one-half

Question 17

Which of the following is not one of the major threats to the climate caused by our alterations of the carbon cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)  The polar ice caps may melt if global warming continues. 
B)  The burning of fossil fuels adds compounds of sulfur to the atmosphere. 
C)  The increase in atmospheric CO2 exceeds the ability of the oceans to absorb the increase. 
D)  CO2 is a gas that traps infrared radiation. 
E)  Tropical storms are likely to increase in intensity if global warming continues. 
A)  The polar ice caps may melt if global warming continues. 
B)  The burning of fossil fuels adds compounds of sulfur to the atmosphere. 
C)  The increase in atmospheric CO2 exceeds the ability of the oceans to absorb the increase. 
D)  CO2 is a gas that traps infrared radiation. 
E)  Tropical storms are likely to increase in intensity if global warming continues.

Question 18

Fossil fuels are the product of large numbers of organisms dying and being buried in sediments that lack _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Fossil fuels are the product of large...

Question 19

Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide concentrations is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They show no seasonality; they increase more or less linearly. 
B)  They are highest in the summer, because high temperatures accelerate metabolism. 
C)  They are highest in the spring and fall, coinciding with upwelling. 
D)  They are highest in the winter, because winter photosynthesis rates are lower than winter respiration rates. 
E)  They are highest in the winter, because air is densest in the winter. 
A)  They show no seasonality; they increase more or less linearly. 
B)  They are highest in the summer, because high temperatures accelerate metabolism. 
C)  They are highest in the spring and fall, coinciding with upwelling. 
D)  They are highest in the winter, because winter photosynthesis rates are lower than winter respiration rates. 
E)  They are highest in the winter, because air is densest in the winter.

Question 20

The layer of Earth's atmosphere that is closest to the surface is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  stratosphere. 
B)  upwelling zone. 
C)  troposphere. 
D)  greenhouse gas layer. 
E)  ozone layer. 
A)  stratosphere. 
B)  upwelling zone. 
C)  troposphere. 
D)  greenhouse gas layer. 
E)  ozone layer.

Exam 58: Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Terrestrial plants fix carbon via the process of _______.

A key component of nucleic acids and ATP is

Environmental writers introduced the idea of "natural capital" in the 1940s and it was in 1970 that ecosystems were first said to provide people with a variety of "goods and services." The "goods" include all of the following except

Which of the following is not expected to be a likely consequence of global warming?

In most fairly large temperate-zone lakes that freeze during the winter, turnover takes place _______ a year.

Which of the following statements about large-scale fires is true?

Acid precipitation results from human modifications of

Which of the following is a consequence of eutrophication?

The most rapid changes in ecosystems have taken place in _______ biomes.

Increasing nitrogen fixation by humans has led to

Algal beds contribute very little to Earth's primary production because they

If the oceans were able to absorb more carbon dioxide, the rate at which the Arctic sea ice melts would likely _______.

Primary production in aquatic systems is limited by

The process by which a lake ecosystem is altered by eutrophication involves several stages. Which of the following represents the correct ordering of stages in the chain of causation?

When cooled from 12°C to 5°C, water becomes _______ dense.

Humans consume roughly _______ of the world's net primary production.

Which of the following is not one of the major threats to the climate caused by our alterations of the carbon cycle?

Fossil fuels are the product of large numbers of organisms dying and being buried in sediments that lack _______.

Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide concentrations is true?

The layer of Earth's atmosphere that is closest to the surface is called the

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

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Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

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Animal Development

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The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

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Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

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