Question 1

Phosphorylated OmpR is a(n) _______ factor; by binding to the promoter of OmpC, it changes the expression of the latter gene.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Phosphorylated OmpR is a(n) _______ factor; by...

Question 2

When _______ (number) molecules of acetylcholine bind to its receptor, the ion channel opens briefly, allowing sodium ions to rush into the cell.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When _______ (number) molecules of acetylcholine bind...

Question 3

Ras

Accepted Answer

A)  is a G protein. 
B)  is always active in normal cells. 
C)  is a protein kinase. 
D)  is a receptor. 
E)  is active in the nucleus. 
A)  is a G protein. 
B)  is always active in normal cells. 
C)  is a protein kinase. 
D)  is a receptor. 
E)  is active in the nucleus.

Question 4

Most of the chemical signals coming to a cell deep inside a multicellular organism come from

Accepted Answer

A)  the external environment. 
B)  the lymphatic system. 
C)  other cells. 
D)  the nervous system. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  the external environment. 
B)  the lymphatic system. 
C)  other cells. 
D)  the nervous system. 
E)  None of the above

Question 5

The acetylcholine receptor is an example of a(n) _______ receptor, the insulin receptor an example of a(n) _______ receptor, and the epinephrine receptor an example of a(n) _______ receptor.

Accepted Answer

A)  G protein-linked; protein kinase; ion channel 
B)  ion channel; protein kinase; G protein-linked 
C)  ion channel; G protein-linked; protein kinase 
D)  protein kinase; ion channel; G protein-linked 
E)  protein kinase; G protein-linked; ion channel 
A)  G protein-linked; protein kinase; ion channel 
B)  ion channel; protein kinase; G protein-linked 
C)  ion channel; G protein-linked; protein kinase 
D)  protein kinase; ion channel; G protein-linked 
E)  protein kinase; G protein-linked; ion channel

Question 6

Which of the following molecules has an ion channel receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insulin 
B)  Estrogen 
C)  Acetylcholine 
D)  Lithium 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Insulin 
B)  Estrogen 
C)  Acetylcholine 
D)  Lithium 
E)  None of the above

Question 7

During what part of the signal transduction pathway is Ras activated?

Accepted Answer

A)  Early in the pathway 
B)  Around the midpoint 
C)  Late in the pathway 
D)  All along the pathway 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Early in the pathway 
B)  Around the midpoint 
C)  Late in the pathway 
D)  All along the pathway 
E)  None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some mammals have over 1,000 genes for odor signal receptors. 
B)  The signal transduction pathway triggered by odorant molecules results in the opening of ion channels. 
C)  Each of the thousands of neurons in the nose expresses one of the odor signal receptors. 
D)  Odorant receptors are G protein-linked. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Some mammals have over 1,000 genes for odor signal receptors. 
B)  The signal transduction pathway triggered by odorant molecules results in the opening of ion channels. 
C)  Each of the thousands of neurons in the nose expresses one of the odor signal receptors. 
D)  Odorant receptors are G protein-linked. 
E)  All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Calcium ions can stimulate their own release from intracellular stores. 
B)  The opening of calcium channels takes place relatively slowly, from seconds to minutes. 
C)  Calcium ions can act as second messengers. 
D)  The entry of a sperm into an egg causes a massive opening of calcium channels. 
E)  Increases in calcium can result in the activation of protein kinase C. 
A)  Calcium ions can stimulate their own release from intracellular stores. 
B)  The opening of calcium channels takes place relatively slowly, from seconds to minutes. 
C)  Calcium ions can act as second messengers. 
D)  The entry of a sperm into an egg causes a massive opening of calcium channels. 
E)  Increases in calcium can result in the activation of protein kinase C.

Question 10

Which of the following signal molecules would most likely have a cytoplasmic receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  A highly charged small molecule 
B)  A polypeptide 
C)  A small nonpolar molecule 
D)  A phospholipid 
E)  A polynucleotide 
A)  A highly charged small molecule 
B)  A polypeptide 
C)  A small nonpolar molecule 
D)  A phospholipid 
E)  A polynucleotide

Question 11

Receptors resemble enzymes in that

Accepted Answer

A)  receptors and enzymes (most often) are polysaccharides. 
B)  receptors and enzymes may be either integral membrane proteins or soluble proteins. 
C)  receptor ligands, like enzyme substrates, are altered during signal transduction. 
D)  receptors and enzymes are not specific for the molecules they bind. 
E)  receptors generally have enzymatic activity. 
A)  receptors and enzymes (most often) are polysaccharides. 
B)  receptors and enzymes may be either integral membrane proteins or soluble proteins. 
C)  receptor ligands, like enzyme substrates, are altered during signal transduction. 
D)  receptors and enzymes are not specific for the molecules they bind. 
E)  receptors generally have enzymatic activity.

Question 12

Which of the following is a similarity of animal and plant cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  The connections between cells in both are lined by the fused plasma membranes themselves. 
B)  The space available for diffusion is about the same in both. 
C)  Both have tiny circulatory vessels (capillaries) to bring gases and nutrients to every cell. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  The connections between cells in both are lined by the fused plasma membranes themselves. 
B)  The space available for diffusion is about the same in both. 
C)  Both have tiny circulatory vessels (capillaries) to bring gases and nutrients to every cell. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following about nitric oxide is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because it is chemically stable, it is able to travel relatively long distances. 
B)  It does not diffuse readily. 
C)  It is released by nitroglycerin, resulting in the relaxation of blood vessels. 
D)  Calcium ions inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes nitric oxide. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Because it is chemically stable, it is able to travel relatively long distances. 
B)  It does not diffuse readily. 
C)  It is released by nitroglycerin, resulting in the relaxation of blood vessels. 
D)  Calcium ions inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes nitric oxide. 
E)  All of the above

Question 14

The second messenger involved in the therapeutic use of Viagra is _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The second messenger involved in the therapeutic...

Question 15

To respond to a signal, a cell must have a(n) _______ molecule that can detect the signal.

Accepted Answer

A)  paracrine 
B)  receptor 
C)  autocrine 
D)  responder 
E)  All of the above 
A)  paracrine 
B)  receptor 
C)  autocrine 
D)  responder 
E)  All of the above

Question 16

The major difference between a cell that responds to a signal and one that does not is the presence of a

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA sequence that binds to the signal. 
B)  nearby blood vessel. 
C)  receptor. 
D)  second messenger. 
E)  transduction pathway. 
A)  DNA sequence that binds to the signal. 
B)  nearby blood vessel. 
C)  receptor. 
D)  second messenger. 
E)  transduction pathway.

Question 17

Vitamin A is a relatively small, lipid-soluble molecule that can behave as a hormone. Its receptor

Accepted Answer

A)  is an ion channel receptor. 
B)  is a protein kinase receptor. 
C)  involves a G protein. 
D)  is not connected to the plasma membrane. 
E)  does not exist; vitamin A does not have a receptor. 
A)  is an ion channel receptor. 
B)  is a protein kinase receptor. 
C)  involves a G protein. 
D)  is not connected to the plasma membrane. 
E)  does not exist; vitamin A does not have a receptor.

Question 18

IP3 is released into the cytoplasm when PIP2 is hydrolyzed. IP3

Accepted Answer

A)  opens Ca2+ channels. 
B)  closes Ca2+ channels. 
C)  stimulates G protein activation of phospholipase C. 
D)  activates cyclic AMP. 
E)  produces calcium-binding protein S4. 
A)  opens Ca2+ channels. 
B)  closes Ca2+ channels. 
C)  stimulates G protein activation of phospholipase C. 
D)  activates cyclic AMP. 
E)  produces calcium-binding protein S4.

Question 19

_______ and _______ are two signals that induce bonding and caring behaviors in voles.

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin;

Question 20

Adenylyl cyclase

Accepted Answer

A)  is located such that cAMP is made outside of cells. 
B)  makes cAMP from ATP with the liberation of phosphate (Pi). 
C)  is inactivated by activated G- proteins. 
D)  makes cAMP from ATP with the liberation of pyrophosphate (PPi). 
E)  is directly activated by receptors. 
A)  is located such that cAMP is made outside of cells. 
B)  makes cAMP from ATP with the liberation of phosphate (Pi). 
C)  is inactivated by activated G- proteins. 
D)  makes cAMP from ATP with the liberation of pyrophosphate (PPi). 
E)  is directly activated by receptors.

Exam 7: Cell Signaling and Communication

Phosphorylated OmpR is a(n) _______ factor; by binding to the promoter of OmpC, it changes the expression of the latter gene.

When _______ (number) molecules of acetylcholine bind to its receptor, the ion channel opens briefly, allowing sodium ions to rush into the cell.

Ras

Most of the chemical signals coming to a cell deep inside a multicellular organism come from

The acetylcholine receptor is an example of a(n) _______ receptor, the insulin receptor an example of a(n) _______ receptor, and the epinephrine receptor an example of a(n) _______ receptor.

Which of the following molecules has an ion channel receptor?

During what part of the signal transduction pathway is Ras activated?

Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following statements is false?

Which of the following signal molecules would most likely have a cytoplasmic receptor?

Receptors resemble enzymes in that

Which of the following is a similarity of animal and plant cells?

Which of the following about nitric oxide is true?

The second messenger involved in the therapeutic use of Viagra is _______.

To respond to a signal, a cell must have a(n) _______ molecule that can detect the signal.

The major difference between a cell that responds to a signal and one that does not is the presence of a

Vitamin A is a relatively small, lipid-soluble molecule that can behave as a hormone. Its receptor

IP3 is released into the cytoplasm when PIP2 is hydrolyzed. IP3

_______ and _______ are two signals that induce bonding and caring behaviors in voles.

Adenylyl cyclase

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

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Animal Development

Neurons and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

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Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

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Filters

The acetylcholine receptor is an example of a(n) ___ receptor, the insulin receptor an example of a(n) _ receptor, and the epinephrine receptor an example of a(n) _____ receptor.

IP₃ is released into the cytoplasm when PIP2 is hydrolyzed. IP₃

_ and _ are two signals that induce bonding and caring behaviors in voles.