Question 1

Humans and a bacterium make human insulin.How is this possible?

Accepted Answer

A) The human insulin gene appears naturally in the bacteriA. 
B) The human insulin gene is a mutated form of a bacterial gene for bacterial insulin. 
C) The human insulin gene was inserted into a bacterium's genome,and since the genetic code is nearly universal,the bacterium is able to produce human insulin. 
D) The human insulin gene appears in bacteria that have been exposed to radiation treatments for diabetes. 
E) The human insulin gene appears naturally in the bacteria that is an inhabitant of the GI tract of diabetic patients. 
A) The human insulin gene appears naturally in the bacteriA. 
B) The human insulin gene is a mutated form of a bacterial gene for bacterial insulin. 
C) The human insulin gene was inserted into a bacterium's genome,and since the genetic code is nearly universal,the bacterium is able to produce human insulin. 
D) The human insulin gene appears in bacteria that have been exposed to radiation treatments for diabetes. 
E) The human insulin gene appears naturally in the bacteria that is an inhabitant of the GI tract of diabetic patients. C

Question 2

Prokaryotes have one type of RNA polymerase.Eukaryotes have ____ types of RNA polymerase.

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 4 
D) 16 
E) 64 
A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 4 
D) 16 
E) 64 B

Question 3

Within the transcription bubble,the first 9 bases of a newly synthesized RNA strand temporarily form a helix with the template DNA strand.How might transcription be affected if helix formation could not occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Clearance of the promoter will be inhibited. 
B) The RNA polymerase will be unable to unwind the DNA duplex. 
C) The position of the 5' end of the RNA will be unstable,inhibiting elongation. 
D) The position of the 3' end of the RNA will be unstable,inhibiting elongation. 
A) Clearance of the promoter will be inhibited. 
B) The RNA polymerase will be unable to unwind the DNA duplex. 
C) The position of the 5' end of the RNA will be unstable,inhibiting elongation. 
D) The position of the 3' end of the RNA will be unstable,inhibiting elongation. D

Question 4

Transcription is the first stage in the Central Dogma.Transcription is initiated by

Accepted Answer

A) DNA polymerase binding to the promoter. 
B) RNA polymerase binding to the promoter. 
C) mRNA polymerase binding to the promoter. 
D) tRNA polymerase binding to the promoter. 
A) DNA polymerase binding to the promoter. 
B) RNA polymerase binding to the promoter. 
C) mRNA polymerase binding to the promoter. 
D) tRNA polymerase binding to the promoter.

Question 5

The coded order of nucleotides in a DNA specifies the order of specific amino acids to be assembled into a polypeptide chain.This code is therefore called the ________ code.

Accepted Answer

A) mitochondrial 
B) ribosomal 
C) DNA 
D) genetic 
A) mitochondrial 
B) ribosomal 
C) DNA 
D) genetic

Question 6

The analyzed regulatory region

Accepted Answer

A) is from a prokaryotic gene. 
B) is from a eukaryotic gene. 
C) can be from either a prokaryotic or eukaryote gene. 
D) cannot be determined from the information provideD. 
A) is from a prokaryotic gene. 
B) is from a eukaryotic gene. 
C) can be from either a prokaryotic or eukaryote gene. 
D) cannot be determined from the information provideD.

Question 7

Transcription begins at a RNA polymerase-binding site called a _____.

Accepted Answer

A) ribosome 
B) replicator 
C) inducer 
D) promoter 
A) ribosome 
B) replicator 
C) inducer 
D) promoter

Question 8

Translocation is a process that involves

Accepted Answer

A) moving of mRNA molecules. 
B) moving of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. 
C) the actual moving of the amino acids to the ribosomes by the tRNA molecules. 
D) the ribosome moving one more nucleotide along the mRNA molecule. 
E) the ribosome moving three more nucleotides along the mRNA moleculE. 
A) moving of mRNA molecules. 
B) moving of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. 
C) the actual moving of the amino acids to the ribosomes by the tRNA molecules. 
D) the ribosome moving one more nucleotide along the mRNA molecule. 
E) the ribosome moving three more nucleotides along the mRNA moleculE.

Question 9

What would happen if snRNAs could not recognize the branch point?

Accepted Answer

A) A lariat structure could not form. 
B) snRNAs could not base-pair with the 5' end of the intron. 
C) The 3' poly A tail could not be added to the transcript. 
D) The 5' cap could not be added to the transcript. 
A) A lariat structure could not form. 
B) snRNAs could not base-pair with the 5' end of the intron. 
C) The 3' poly A tail could not be added to the transcript. 
D) The 5' cap could not be added to the transcript.

Question 10

The polypeptide-making organelles residing in the cytoplasm are large protein aggregates to which RNA is associated.They are called

Accepted Answer

A) ribosomes. 
B) Golgi bodies. 
C) lysosomes. 
D) the endoplasmic reticulum. 
E) mitochondria. 
A) ribosomes. 
B) Golgi bodies. 
C) lysosomes. 
D) the endoplasmic reticulum. 
E) mitochondria.

Question 11

Both DNA and RNA are made up of building blocks known as

Accepted Answer

A) nucleotides. 
B) complementary base pairs. 
C) amino acids. 
D) genes. 
A) nucleotides. 
B) complementary base pairs. 
C) amino acids. 
D) genes.

Question 12

Which of the following best identifies the various types of RNA that play a role in protein synthesis in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A) mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,snRNA,SRP RNA,and miRNA 
B) mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,SRP RNA,and miRNA 
C) mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,and snRNA 
D) mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,snRNA,and SRP RNA 
E) mRNA,rRNA,and tRNA 
A) mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,snRNA,SRP RNA,and miRNA 
B) mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,SRP RNA,and miRNA 
C) mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,and snRNA 
D) mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,snRNA,and SRP RNA 
E) mRNA,rRNA,and tRNA

Question 13

Gene ________ refers to the combined processes of transcription and translation.

Accepted Answer

A) expression 
B) replication 
C) modification 
D) regulation 
A) expression 
B) replication 
C) modification 
D) regulation

Question 14

Would you expect DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase to have a higher fidelity (accuracy)rate? Why?

Accepted Answer

A) DNA polymerase has a lower fidelity rate than RNA polymerase.DNA replication can tolerate many errors.By comparison,aberrant RNA molecules can less easily be degraded and replaced with new,correct RNA molecules. 
B) DNA polymerase has a higher fidelity rate than RNA polymerase.DNA replication cannot tolerate many errors.By comparison,aberrant RNA molecules can easily be degraded and replaced with new,correct RNA molecules. 
C) DNA polymerase has the same fidelity rate compared to RNA polymerase.DNA replication cannot tolerate many errors but neither can RNA replication. 
A) DNA polymerase has a lower fidelity rate than RNA polymerase.DNA replication can tolerate many errors.By comparison,aberrant RNA molecules can less easily be degraded and replaced with new,correct RNA molecules. 
B) DNA polymerase has a higher fidelity rate than RNA polymerase.DNA replication cannot tolerate many errors.By comparison,aberrant RNA molecules can easily be degraded and replaced with new,correct RNA molecules. 
C) DNA polymerase has the same fidelity rate compared to RNA polymerase.DNA replication cannot tolerate many errors but neither can RNA replication.

Question 15

Protein synthesis takes place on

Accepted Answer

A) the plasma membrane. 
B) the nucleus. 
C) ribosomes. 
D) lysosomes. 
E) microbodies. 
A) the plasma membrane. 
B) the nucleus. 
C) ribosomes. 
D) lysosomes. 
E) microbodies.

Question 16

How do retroviruses,such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV),violate the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

A) Retroviruses have a RNA genome rather than a DNA genome.These viruses convert their RNA genome into DNA for the purpose of replication.Following genome replication,the DNA is transcribed back into RNA and then translated into protein.The conversion of RNA $\rarr$ DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma,which states DNA $\rarr$ RNA $\rarr$protein. 
B) Retroviruses have a DNA genome rather than an RNA genome.These viruses convert their DNA genome into RNA for the purpose of replication.Following genome replication,the DNA is transcribed back into RNA and then translated into protein.The conversion of RNA $\rarr$ DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma,which states DNA $\rarr$ RNA $\rarr$ protein. 
C) Retroviruses have a RNA genome rather than a DNA genome.These viruses convert their RNA genome into DNA for the purpose of replication.Following genome replication,the RNA is transcribed back into DNA and then translated into protein.The conversion of RNA $\rarr$ DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma,which states DNA $\rarr$ RNA $\rarr$ protein. 
A) Retroviruses have a RNA genome rather than a DNA genome.These viruses convert their RNA genome into DNA for the purpose of replication.Following genome replication,the DNA is transcribed back into RNA and then translated into protein.The conversion of RNA $\rarr$ DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma,which states DNA $\rarr$ RNA $\rarr$protein. 
B) Retroviruses have a DNA genome rather than an RNA genome.These viruses convert their DNA genome into RNA for the purpose of replication.Following genome replication,the DNA is transcribed back into RNA and then translated into protein.The conversion of RNA $\rarr$ DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma,which states DNA $\rarr$ RNA $\rarr$ protein. 
C) Retroviruses have a RNA genome rather than a DNA genome.These viruses convert their RNA genome into DNA for the purpose of replication.Following genome replication,the RNA is transcribed back into DNA and then translated into protein.The conversion of RNA $\rarr$ DNA violates the information flow of the central dogma,which states DNA $\rarr$ RNA $\rarr$ protein.

Question 17

RNA splicing in eukaryotic cell protein synthesis means

Accepted Answer

A) that the product of translation,called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature mRNA transcript. 
B) that the product of transcription,called the secondary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature tRNA transcript. 
C) that the product of translation,called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature tRNA transcript. 
D) that the product of transcription,called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature mRNA transcript. 
A) that the product of translation,called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature mRNA transcript. 
B) that the product of transcription,called the secondary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature tRNA transcript. 
C) that the product of translation,called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature tRNA transcript. 
D) that the product of transcription,called the primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce the mature mRNA transcript.

Question 18

An enzyme that synthesizes all three forms of RNA;present in the nucleus of eukaryotes.

Accepted Answer

A) DNA 
B) RNA polymerase 
C) mRNA 
D) rRNA 
A) DNA 
B) RNA polymerase 
C) mRNA 
D) rRNA

Question 19

Transcription in prokaryotes is carried out by the enzyme _______,which unwinds and transcribes the gene.

Accepted Answer

A) DNA polymerase 
B) DNA helicase 
C) DNA gyrase 
D) RNA ligase 
E) RNA polymerase 
A) DNA polymerase 
B) DNA helicase 
C) DNA gyrase 
D) RNA ligase 
E) RNA polymerase

Question 20

Eukaryotic mRNA molecules are occasionally interspersed with non-coding sequences that must be removed before protein synthesis.These are called

Accepted Answer

A) anticodons. 
B) introns. 
C) exons. 
D) nucleosomes. 
E) chromomeres. 
A) anticodons. 
B) introns. 
C) exons. 
D) nucleosomes. 
E) chromomeres.

Exam 15: Genes and How They Work

Humans and a bacterium make human insulin.How is this possible?

Prokaryotes have one type of RNA polymerase.Eukaryotes have ____ types of RNA polymerase.

Within the transcription bubble,the first 9 bases of a newly synthesized RNA strand temporarily form a helix with the template DNA strand.How might transcription be affected if helix formation could not occur?

Transcription is the first stage in the Central Dogma.Transcription is initiated by

The coded order of nucleotides in a DNA specifies the order of specific amino acids to be assembled into a polypeptide chain.This code is therefore called the ________ code.

The analyzed regulatory region

Transcription begins at a RNA polymerase-binding site called a _____.

Translocation is a process that involves

What would happen if snRNAs could not recognize the branch point?

The polypeptide-making organelles residing in the cytoplasm are large protein aggregates to which RNA is associated.They are called

Both DNA and RNA are made up of building blocks known as

Which of the following best identifies the various types of RNA that play a role in protein synthesis in eukaryotes?

Gene ________ refers to the combined processes of transcription and translation.

Would you expect DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase to have a higher fidelity (accuracy)rate? Why?

Protein synthesis takes place on

How do retroviruses,such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV),violate the central dogma of molecular biology?

RNA splicing in eukaryotic cell protein synthesis means

An enzyme that synthesizes all three forms of RNA;present in the nucleus of eukaryotes.

Transcription in prokaryotes is carried out by the enzyme _______,which unwinds and transcribes the gene.

Eukaryotic mRNA molecules are occasionally interspersed with non-coding sequences that must be removed before protein synthesis.These are called

The Science of Biology

The Nature of Molecules

The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Cell Structure

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Energy and Metabolism

How Cells Harvest Energy

Photosynthesis

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How Cells Divide

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

Patterns of Inheritance

Chromosomes Mapping and the Meiosis - Inheritance Connection

Dna: the Genetic Material

Control of Gene Expression

Biotechnology

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Cellular Mechanisms of Development

Genes Within Populations

The Evidence for Evolution

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Systematics and the Phylogenetic Revolution

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