Question 1

To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces in the lungs and in the intestines, evolutionary pressures have

Accepted Answer

A) increased the surface area available for exchange. 
B) increased the thickness of these linings. 
C) increased the number of cell layers. 
D) decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these linings. 
E) increased the volume of the cells in these linings. 
A) increased the surface area available for exchange. 
B) increased the thickness of these linings. 
C) increased the number of cell layers. 
D) decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these linings. 
E) increased the volume of the cells in these linings.

Question 2

During its months-long hibernation, the body temperature of a ground squirrel

Accepted Answer

A) is held at a constant 37°C. 
B) is held at a constant 5°C. 
C) varies between 5 and 37°C, depending on the frequency of arousals from hibernation. 
D) varies between 5 and 15°C, depending on the external temperature. 
E) varies between -5 and +5°C, depending on the external temperature. 
A) is held at a constant 37°C. 
B) is held at a constant 5°C. 
C) varies between 5 and 37°C, depending on the frequency of arousals from hibernation. 
D) varies between 5 and 15°C, depending on the external temperature. 
E) varies between -5 and +5°C, depending on the external temperature.

Question 3

With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) connective tissue. 
B) reproductive tissue. 
C) nervous tissue. 
D) epithelial tissue. 
E) adipose tissue. 
A) connective tissue. 
B) reproductive tissue. 
C) nervous tissue. 
D) epithelial tissue. 
E) adipose tissue.

Question 4

Panting by an overheated dog is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) acclimatization. 
B) torpor. 
C) evaporative cooling. 
D) non-shivering thermogenesis. 
E) shivering thermogenesis. 
A) acclimatization. 
B) torpor. 
C) evaporative cooling. 
D) non-shivering thermogenesis. 
E) shivering thermogenesis.

Question 5

A specialized function shared by the many cells lining the lungs and the lumen of the gut is

Accepted Answer

A) decreased oxygen demand due to the lack of oxygen in foods. 
B) increased exchange surface provided by their membranes. 
C) greater numbers of cell organelles contained within their cytoplasm. 
D) greater protection due to increased cellular mass. 
E) lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperation between cells. 
A) decreased oxygen demand due to the lack of oxygen in foods. 
B) increased exchange surface provided by their membranes. 
C) greater numbers of cell organelles contained within their cytoplasm. 
D) greater protection due to increased cellular mass. 
E) lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperation between cells.

Question 6

An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs

Accepted Answer

A) if the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because of its high metabolic rate. 
B) if it is actively foraging for food. 
C) if it is hibernating. 
D) if it is growing and increasing its biomass. 
E) never; homeostasis makes these energy and material budgets always balance. 
A) if the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because of its high metabolic rate. 
B) if it is actively foraging for food. 
C) if it is hibernating. 
D) if it is growing and increasing its biomass. 
E) never; homeostasis makes these energy and material budgets always balance.

Question 7

An ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally-sized endotherm because

Accepted Answer

A) the ectotherm maintains a higher basal metabolic rate. 
B) the ectotherm expends more energy/kg body weight than the endotherm. 
C) the ectotherm invests little energy in temperature regulation. 
D) the ectotherm metabolizes its stored energy more readily than can the endotherm. 
E) the ectotherm has greater insulation on its body surface. 
A) the ectotherm maintains a higher basal metabolic rate. 
B) the ectotherm expends more energy/kg body weight than the endotherm. 
C) the ectotherm invests little energy in temperature regulation. 
D) the ectotherm metabolizes its stored energy more readily than can the endotherm. 
E) the ectotherm has greater insulation on its body surface.

Question 8

The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are

Accepted Answer

A) elastin fibers. 
B) fibrin fibers. 
C) collagenous fibers. 
D) reticular fibers. 
E) spindle fibers. 
A) elastin fibers. 
B) fibrin fibers. 
C) collagenous fibers. 
D) reticular fibers. 
E) spindle fibers.

Question 9

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmouth moths

Accepted Answer

A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air. 
B) decrease their standard metabolic rate. 
C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth. 
D) walk to shaded areas to avoid direct sunlight. 
E) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight. 
A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air. 
B) decrease their standard metabolic rate. 
C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth. 
D) walk to shaded areas to avoid direct sunlight. 
E) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight.

Question 10

Most amphibians and land-dwelling invertebrates

Accepted Answer

A) are ectothermic organisms. 
B) alter their metabolic rate to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C. 
C) have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface, even in direct sun. 
D) are thermoconformers only when they are in water. 
E) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C. 
A) are ectothermic organisms. 
B) alter their metabolic rate to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C. 
C) have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface, even in direct sun. 
D) are thermoconformers only when they are in water. 
E) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C.

Question 11

Connective tissues have

Accepted Answer

A) many densely-packed cells without an extracellular matrix. 
B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. 
C) an epithelial origin. 
D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. 
E) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses. 
A) many densely-packed cells without an extracellular matrix. 
B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. 
C) an epithelial origin. 
D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. 
E) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses.

Question 12

Which choice best describes a reasonable evolutionary mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited to specific functions?

Accepted Answer

A) Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant. 
B) Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant. 
C) Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant. 
D) Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. 
E) Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant. 
A) Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant. 
B) Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant. 
C) Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant. 
D) Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. 
E) Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant.

Question 13

The nucleus of a typical nerve cell is found in the

Accepted Answer

A) cell body. 
B) synaptic terminals. 
C) axonal region. 
D) dendritic region. 
E) synapse. 
A) cell body. 
B) synaptic terminals. 
C) axonal region. 
D) dendritic region. 
E) synapse.

Question 14

As body size increases in animals, there is

Accepted Answer

A) a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. 
B) no further reproduction in aqueous environments. 
C) the tendency for larger bodies to be more variable in metabolic rate. 
D) an increase in migration to tropical areas. 
E) a greater challenge to maintaining body warmth in cold environments. 
A) a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. 
B) no further reproduction in aqueous environments. 
C) the tendency for larger bodies to be more variable in metabolic rate. 
D) an increase in migration to tropical areas. 
E) a greater challenge to maintaining body warmth in cold environments.

Question 15

Among these choices, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of

Accepted Answer

A) food eaten in one day. 
B) heat generated in one day. 
C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day. 
D) carbon dioxide produced in one day. 
E) water consumed in one day. 
A) food eaten in one day. 
B) heat generated in one day. 
C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day. 
D) carbon dioxide produced in one day. 
E) water consumed in one day.

Question 16

Regarding the evolution of specialized animal structures,

Accepted Answer

A) the environment imposes identical problems on all animals regardless of where they are found. 
B) the evolution of structure in an animal is influenced by its ability to learn. 
C) the simplest animals are those with the most recent appearance among the biota. 
D) short-term adjustments to environmental changes are often mediated by physiological organ systems. 
E) the most complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary origin. 
A) the environment imposes identical problems on all animals regardless of where they are found. 
B) the evolution of structure in an animal is influenced by its ability to learn. 
C) the simplest animals are those with the most recent appearance among the biota. 
D) short-term adjustments to environmental changes are often mediated by physiological organ systems. 
E) the most complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary origin.

Question 17

Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an "internal pond" because

Accepted Answer

A) feedback signals cannot cross through the interstitial fluid. 
B) cells need an aqueous medium for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. 
C) this prevents the movement of water due to osmosis. 
D) cells need to be protected from nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. 
E) terrestrial organisms have not adapted to life in dry environments. 
A) feedback signals cannot cross through the interstitial fluid. 
B) cells need an aqueous medium for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. 
C) this prevents the movement of water due to osmosis. 
D) cells need to be protected from nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. 
E) terrestrial organisms have not adapted to life in dry environments.

Question 18

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)and basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Accepted Answer

A) are used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, while BMR is measured at rest. 
B) are used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and non-hibernating states. 
C) are both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species. 
D) are both standard measurements of mammals. 
E) are both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state. 
A) are used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, while BMR is measured at rest. 
B) are used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and non-hibernating states. 
C) are both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species. 
D) are both standard measurements of mammals. 
E) are both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

Question 19

An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in body temperature results from shivering. 
B) an increase in body temperature results from exercise. 
C) the rising sun causes an increase in body temperature in a stationary animal. 
D) an increase in body temperature resulting from fever. 
E) a decrease in body temperature resulting from shock. 
A) an increase in body temperature results from shivering. 
B) an increase in body temperature results from exercise. 
C) the rising sun causes an increase in body temperature in a stationary animal. 
D) an increase in body temperature resulting from fever. 
E) a decrease in body temperature resulting from shock.

Question 20

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

Accepted Answer

A) its cells can be separated from each other by an extracellular matrix. 
B) it contains more than one type of cell. 
C) it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. 
D) its cells can move from place to place. 
E) it is found within all the organs of the body. 
A) its cells can be separated from each other by an extracellular matrix. 
B) it contains more than one type of cell. 
C) it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. 
D) its cells can move from place to place. 
E) it is found within all the organs of the body.

Exam 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces in the lungs and in the intestines, evolutionary pressures have

During its months-long hibernation, the body temperature of a ground squirrel

With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of

Panting by an overheated dog is an example of

A specialized function shared by the many cells lining the lungs and the lumen of the gut is

An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs

An ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally-sized endotherm because

The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmouth moths

Most amphibians and land-dwelling invertebrates

Connective tissues have

Which choice best describes a reasonable evolutionary mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited to specific functions?

The nucleus of a typical nerve cell is found in the

As body size increases in animals, there is

Among these choices, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of

Regarding the evolution of specialized animal structures,

Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an "internal pond" because

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)and basal metabolic rate (BMR)

An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

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