Exam 11: Cell Communication

At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects?

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Affinity chromatography is a method that can be used to purify cell-surface receptors, while they retain their hormone-binding ability. A ligand (hormone) for a receptor of interest is chemically linked to polystyrene beads. A solubilized preparation of membrane proteins is passed over a column containing these beads. Only the receptor binds to the beads. -When an excess of the ligand (hormone)is poured through the column after the receptor binding step, what do you expect will occur?

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because

The process of transduction usually begins

Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?

Consider this pathway: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Identify the second messenger.

What are scaffolding proteins?

Which of the following most likely would be an immediate result of growth factor binding to its receptor?

Sutherland discovered that epinephrine

In the yeast signal transduction pathway, after both types of mating cells have released the mating factors and the factors have bound to specific receptors on the correct cells,

Apoptosis involves all but the following:

Human caspases can be activated by

If an adult person has a faulty version of the human-analog to ced-4 of the nematode, which of the following might more likely result?

Paracrine signaling

From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are

Synaptic signaling between adjacent neurons is like hormone signaling in which of the following ways?

One inhibitor of cGMP is Viagra. It provides a signal that leads to dilation of blood vessels and increase of blood in the penis, facilitating erection. cGMP is inhibited, therefore the signal is prolonged. The original signal that is now inhibited would have

Which of the following are chemical messengers that pass through the plasma membrane of cells and have receptor molecules in the cytoplasm?

A drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would almost certainly result in which of the following?

Which of the following describes the events of apoptosis?