Question 1

Hyperventilation (rapid inhalation and exhalation) can result in respiratory alkalosis (increased blood pH). Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hyperventilation results in inefficient gas exchange, and not enough oxygen is absorbed by the blood. 
B)  More metabolic waste is released into the blood, thus reducing the pH. 
C)  Rapid breathing depletes the blood of carbon dioxide, thus the blood pH increases. 
D)  Excess production of carbon dioxide decreases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. 
A)  Hyperventilation results in inefficient gas exchange, and not enough oxygen is absorbed by the blood. 
B)  More metabolic waste is released into the blood, thus reducing the pH. 
C)  Rapid breathing depletes the blood of carbon dioxide, thus the blood pH increases. 
D)  Excess production of carbon dioxide decreases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

Question 2

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes haemoglobin to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  release all bound carbon dioxide molecules 
B)  bind more oxygen molecules 
C)  decrease its binding of H⁺ 
D)  give up more of its oxygen molecules 
A)  release all bound carbon dioxide molecules 
B)  bind more oxygen molecules 
C)  decrease its binding of H⁺ 
D)  give up more of its oxygen molecules

Question 3

Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal?

Accepted Answer

A)  trachea → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli 
B)  larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli 
C)  trachea → tracheoles → bronchi → alveoli 
D)  alveoli → tracheoles → bronchi → trachea 
A)  trachea → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli 
B)  larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli 
C)  trachea → tracheoles → bronchi → alveoli 
D)  alveoli → tracheoles → bronchi → trachea

Question 4

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (millilitres), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  1450 mL 
B)  4000 mL 
C)  4450 mL 
D)  5000 mL 
A)  1450 mL 
B)  4000 mL 
C)  4450 mL 
D)  5000 mL

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation 
B)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein 
C)  pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
D)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery 
A)  left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation 
B)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein 
C)  pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
D)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Question 6

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  converted to bicarbonate ions 
B)  bound to haemoglobin 
C)  transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid 
D)  simply dissolved in the plasma 
A)  converted to bicarbonate ions 
B)  bound to haemoglobin 
C)  transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid 
D)  simply dissolved in the plasma

Question 7

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills 
B)  blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae 
C)  air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins 
D)  water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart 
A)  water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills 
B)  blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae 
C)  air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins 
D)  water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart

Question 8

Atrial systole ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole 
B)  pumps blood to the aorta 
C)  refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle 
D)  only occurs in the left heart chambers 
A)  occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole 
B)  pumps blood to the aorta 
C)  refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle 
D)  only occurs in the left heart chambers

Question 9

In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  blood vessels furthest from the heart must have valves 
B)  capillaries must have a thick endothelium 
C)  arteries must be elastic 
D)  pressure in all vessels must be equal 
A)  blood vessels furthest from the heart must have valves 
B)  capillaries must have a thick endothelium 
C)  arteries must be elastic 
D)  pressure in all vessels must be equal

Question 10

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of heart chambers. 
B)  a complete separation of circuits for circulation. 
C)  the number of circuits for circulation. 
D)  a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit. 
A)  the number of heart chambers. 
B)  a complete separation of circuits for circulation. 
C)  the number of circuits for circulation. 
D)  a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.

Question 11

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  amphibians 
B)  fishes 
C)  mammals 
D)  reptiles 
A)  amphibians 
B)  fishes 
C)  mammals 
D)  reptiles

Question 12

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  annelids 
B)  fishes 
C)  frogs 
D)  insects 
A)  annelids 
B)  fishes 
C)  frogs 
D)  insects

Question 13

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  production of erythropoietin 
B)  conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen 
C)  activation of prothrombin to thrombin 
D)  synthesis of haemoglobin 
A)  production of erythropoietin 
B)  conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen 
C)  activation of prothrombin to thrombin 
D)  synthesis of haemoglobin

Question 14

Although having evolved independently, the tracheal tubes of mammals and insects are both supported by rigid tissues. The trachea of a mammal is supported by cartilage, and the tracheae of an insect are supported by chitin. What selective pressure most likely led to the convergent evolution of these respiratory structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both mammals and insects have similar oxygen needs. 
B)  When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risk that the tracheal tubes will collapse. 
C)  Insects and mammals both keep their internal temperature constant. 
D)  A decrease in environmental carbon dioxide made structural support necessary. 
A)  Both mammals and insects have similar oxygen needs. 
B)  When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risk that the tracheal tubes will collapse. 
C)  Insects and mammals both keep their internal temperature constant. 
D)  A decrease in environmental carbon dioxide made structural support necessary.

Question 15

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

A)  the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava 
B)  the veins from the right and left legs 
C)  the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava 
D)  the pulmonary vein and the aorta 
A)  the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava 
B)  the veins from the right and left legs 
C)  the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava 
D)  the pulmonary vein and the aorta

Question 16

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

Accepted Answer

A)  systole of the left atrium 
B)  diastole of the right ventricle 
C)  systole of the left ventricle 
D)  diastole of the right atrium 
A)  systole of the left atrium 
B)  diastole of the right ventricle 
C)  systole of the left ventricle 
D)  diastole of the right atrium

Question 17

If a molecule of CO₂ released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  the pulmonary vein. 
B)  the trachea. 
C)  the right atrium. 
D)  the right ventricle. 
A)  the pulmonary vein. 
B)  the trachea. 
C)  the right atrium. 
D)  the right ventricle.

Question 18

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries 
B)  measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood 
C)  percentage of blood volume made up of platelets 
D)  blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic 
A)  measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries 
B)  measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood 
C)  percentage of blood volume made up of platelets 
D)  blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic

Question 19

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air 
B)  the overproduction of surfactants 
C)  lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant 
D)  mutations in the genes involved in lung formation 
A)  the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air 
B)  the overproduction of surfactants 
C)  lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant 
D)  mutations in the genes involved in lung formation

Question 20

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood 
B)  the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate 
C)  the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle 
D)  the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system 
A)  the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood 
B)  the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate 
C)  the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle 
D)  the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Hyperventilation (rapid inhalation and exhalation) can result in respiratory alkalosis (increased blood pH). Why?

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes haemoglobin to ________.

Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal?

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (millilitres), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of ________.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ________.

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of ________.

Atrial systole ________.

In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the ________.

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the ________.

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the ________.

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

If a molecule of CO₂ released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the ________.

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ________.

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonised Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

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