Question 1

The formation of the fertilisation envelope requires an increase in the cytosolic concentration of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  calcium ions 
B)  hydrogen ions 
C)  potassium ions 
D)  sodium ions 
A)  calcium ions 
B)  hydrogen ions 
C)  potassium ions 
D)  sodium ions A

Question 2

In humans, identical twins are possible because

Accepted Answer

A)  extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus. 
B)  convergent extension occurs. 
C)  early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated. 
D)  the grey crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells. 
A)  extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus. 
B)  convergent extension occurs. 
C)  early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated. 
D)  the grey crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells. C

Question 3

Which of the following is a result of gastrulation in animals?
I. The archenteron is formed.
II. The body axes are established.
III. The germ layers are formed.

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  III 
C)  I and II 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  I 
B)  III 
C)  I and II 
D)  I, II, and III D

Question 4

The vegetal pole of a frog zygote differs from the animal pole in that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk 
B)  the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole 
C)  the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis, but not cytokinesis 
D)  the polar bodies bud from this region 
A)  the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk 
B)  the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole 
C)  the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis, but not cytokinesis 
D)  the polar bodies bud from this region

Question 5

In a frog embryo, gastrulation ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere 
B)  occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere 
C)  proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore 
D)  occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk 
A)  produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere 
B)  occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere 
C)  proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore 
D)  occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk

Question 6

The plasma membrane of the sea urchin egg ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is outside of the fertilisation membrane 
B)  releases calcium, which initiates the cortical reaction 
C)  has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins 
D)  is a mesh of proteins crossing through the cytosol of the egg 
A)  is outside of the fertilisation membrane 
B)  releases calcium, which initiates the cortical reaction 
C)  has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins 
D)  is a mesh of proteins crossing through the cytosol of the egg

Question 7

Fertilisation of an egg without activation is most like ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  placing the key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine 
B)  resting during halftime of a basketball game 
C)  preparing a pie from scratch and baking it in the oven 
D)  walking to the cafeteria and eating lunch 
A)  placing the key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine 
B)  resting during halftime of a basketball game 
C)  preparing a pie from scratch and baking it in the oven 
D)  walking to the cafeteria and eating lunch

Question 8

At the moment of sperm penetration, human eggs ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  have used flagellar propulsion to move from the ovary to the oviduct 
B)  are still located within the ovary 
C)  have a paper-thin cell of calcium carbonate that prevents desiccation 
D)  are still surrounded by follicular cells 
A)  have used flagellar propulsion to move from the ovary to the oviduct 
B)  are still located within the ovary 
C)  have a paper-thin cell of calcium carbonate that prevents desiccation 
D)  are still surrounded by follicular cells

Question 9

During fertilisation, the acrosomal contents ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  block polyspermy 
B)  help propel more sperm toward the egg 
C)  digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg 
D)  trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm 
A)  block polyspermy 
B)  help propel more sperm toward the egg 
C)  digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg 
D)  trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm

Question 10

In order to test how sea urchin sperm bind to eggs, scientists isolated the egg receptor protein that binds to the sperm acrosomal protein called bindin. Plastic beads were coated with egg receptor for bindin (ERB1) from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and then the beads mixed with sperm from S. purpuratus or from the related species, S. franciscanus. The researchers counted how many sperm were bound to each bead. The results are shown in the graph below. (Adapted from Kamei and Glabe 2003)
Treatments:
A: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
B: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
C: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
D: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein  
-Based on the description of the experiment, which of the treatments would be considered a "control" treatment for S. purpuratus sperm binding?

Accepted Answer

A)  Treatment A 
B)  Treatment B 
C)  Treatment C 
D)  Treatment D 
A)  Treatment A 
B)  Treatment B 
C)  Treatment C 
D)  Treatment D

Question 11

During frog development, the blastocoel ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  becomes the archenteron 
B)  gives rise to the endoderm 
C)  gives rise to the placenta 
D)  is replaced by the expanding archenteron 
A)  becomes the archenteron 
B)  gives rise to the endoderm 
C)  gives rise to the placenta 
D)  is replaced by the expanding archenteron

Question 12

Uterine implantation due to enzymatic digestion of the endometrium is initiated by the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  inner cell mass 
B)  endoderm 
C)  mesoderm 
D)  trophoblast 
A)  inner cell mass 
B)  endoderm 
C)  mesoderm 
D)  trophoblast

Question 13

Select the choice that correctly matches the organ with its embryonic sources.

Accepted Answer

A)  adrenal medulla-endoderm 
B)  nervous system-mesoderm 
C)  kidney-mesoderm 
D)  skin-endoderm and mesoderm 
A)  adrenal medulla-endoderm 
B)  nervous system-mesoderm 
C)  kidney-mesoderm 
D)  skin-endoderm and mesoderm

Question 14

In an egg cell treated with a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions, the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  acrosomal reaction would be blocked 
B)  fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked 
C)  fast block to polyspermy would not occur 
D)  fertilisation envelope would not be formed 
A)  acrosomal reaction would be blocked 
B)  fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked 
C)  fast block to polyspermy would not occur 
D)  fertilisation envelope would not be formed

Question 15

Even in the absence of sperm, metabolic activity in an egg can be artificially activated by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  abnormally high levels of carbonic acid in the cytosol 
B)  abnormally low levels of extracellular oxygen 
C)  injection of calcium ions into the cytosol 
D)  depletion of its ATP supplies 
A)  abnormally high levels of carbonic acid in the cytosol 
B)  abnormally low levels of extracellular oxygen 
C)  injection of calcium ions into the cytosol 
D)  depletion of its ATP supplies

Question 16

In mammalian eggs, the receptors for sperm are found in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  fertilisation membrane 
B)  egg plasma membrane 
C)  cytosol of the egg 
D)  mitochondria of the egg 
A)  fertilisation membrane 
B)  egg plasma membrane 
C)  cytosol of the egg 
D)  mitochondria of the egg

Question 17

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cleavage would not occur in the zygote 
B)  embryonic germ layers would not form 
C)  the blastula would not be formed 
D)  the blastopore would form above the grey crescent in the animal pole 
A)  cleavage would not occur in the zygote 
B)  embryonic germ layers would not form 
C)  the blastula would not be formed 
D)  the blastopore would form above the grey crescent in the animal pole

Question 18

The least amount of yolk would be found in the egg of a ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  bird 
B)  frog 
C)  eutherian mammal 
D)  reptile 
A)  bird 
B)  frog 
C)  eutherian mammal 
D)  reptile

Question 19

The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the formation of a fertilisation envelope 
B)  the production of a fast block to polyspermy 
C)  the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm 
D)  the generation of an electrical impulse by the egg 
A)  the formation of a fertilisation envelope 
B)  the production of a fast block to polyspermy 
C)  the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm 
D)  the generation of an electrical impulse by the egg

Question 20

Which of the following correctly matches the extraembryonic membrane with its function?

Accepted Answer

A)  amnion-waste disposal 
B)  chorion-nutrient storage 
C)  allantois-waste storage 
D)  yolk sac-gas exchange 
A)  amnion-waste disposal 
B)  chorion-nutrient storage 
C)  allantois-waste storage 
D)  yolk sac-gas exchange

Exam 47: Animal Development

The formation of the fertilisation envelope requires an increase in the cytosolic concentration of ________.

In humans, identical twins are possible because

Which of the following is a result of gastrulation in animals? I. The archenteron is formed. II. The body axes are established. III. The germ layers are formed.

The vegetal pole of a frog zygote differs from the animal pole in that ________.

In a frog embryo, gastrulation ________.

The plasma membrane of the sea urchin egg ________.

Fertilisation of an egg without activation is most like ________.

At the moment of sperm penetration, human eggs ________.

During fertilisation, the acrosomal contents ________.

During frog development, the blastocoel ________.

Uterine implantation due to enzymatic digestion of the endometrium is initiated by the ________.

Select the choice that correctly matches the organ with its embryonic sources.

In an egg cell treated with a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions, the ________.

Even in the absence of sperm, metabolic activity in an egg can be artificially activated by ________.

In mammalian eggs, the receptors for sperm are found in the ________.

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then ________.

The least amount of yolk would be found in the egg of a ________.

The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in ________.

Which of the following correctly matches the extraembryonic membrane with its function?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonised Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

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