Question 1

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesise than ammonia. 
B)  Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia, which is toxic. 
C)  Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
D)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. 
A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesise than ammonia. 
B)  Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia, which is toxic. 
C)  Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
D)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. B

Question 2

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially, by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity 
D)  synthesising trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells 
A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity 
D)  synthesising trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells C

Question 3

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

Accepted Answer

A)  is intimately associated with a capillary network. 
B)  functions in both osmoregulation and excretion. 
C)  receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. 
D)  has a transport epithelium. 
A)  is intimately associated with a capillary network. 
B)  functions in both osmoregulation and excretion. 
C)  receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. 
D)  has a transport epithelium. C

Question 4

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating both Na⁺ and water reabsorption. 
B)  ADH and the RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration, and the RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
C)  Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. 
D)  ADH and the RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place. 
A)  ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating both Na⁺ and water reabsorption. 
B)  ADH and the RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration, and the RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
C)  Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. 
D)  ADH and the RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place.

Question 5

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  results from active transport 
B)  transfers large molecules as easily as small ones 
C)  is very selective as to which sub-protein-sized molecules are transferred 
D)  is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus 
A)  results from active transport 
B)  transfers large molecules as easily as small ones 
C)  is very selective as to which sub-protein-sized molecules are transferred 
D)  is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

Question 6

Within a normally functioning kidney, red blood cells can be found in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the vasa recta 
B)  Bowman's capsule 
C)  the proximal tubule 
D)  the collecting duct 
A)  the vasa recta 
B)  Bowman's capsule 
C)  the proximal tubule 
D)  the collecting duct

Question 7

After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  angiotensinogen 
B)  renin 
C)  antidiuretic hormone 
D)  atrial natriuretic peptide 
A)  angiotensinogen 
B)  renin 
C)  antidiuretic hormone 
D)  atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 8

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?

Accepted Answer

A)  ammonia 
B)  ammonium ions 
C)  urea 
D)  uric acid 
A)  ammonia 
B)  ammonium ions 
C)  urea 
D)  uric acid

Question 9

- Filtration takes place in the structure labelled ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  E

Question 10

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  active transport 
D)  secretion 
A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  active transport 
D)  secretion

Question 11

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  produce excessive antidiuretic hormone to remove more water but hold back salts 
B)  passively excrete excess water in order to remove the high concentration of ingested salt 
C)  release atrial natriuretic peptide to decrease blood pressure 
D)  risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours 
A)  produce excessive antidiuretic hormone to remove more water but hold back salts 
B)  passively excrete excess water in order to remove the high concentration of ingested salt 
C)  release atrial natriuretic peptide to decrease blood pressure 
D)  risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours

Question 12

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  hyperosmotic; seawater 
C)  isoosmotic; seawater 
D)  hypoosmotic; seawater 
A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  hyperosmotic; seawater 
C)  isoosmotic; seawater 
D)  hypoosmotic; seawater

Question 13

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  urea can be removed as a semi-solid paste 
B)  urea is less toxic than ammonia 
C)  urea does not affect the osmotic gradient 
D)  less nitrogen is removed from the body 
A)  urea can be removed as a semi-solid paste 
B)  urea is less toxic than ammonia 
C)  urea does not affect the osmotic gradient 
D)  less nitrogen is removed from the body

Question 14

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesise than ammonia. 
B)  Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. 
C)  The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. 
D)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. 
A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesise than ammonia. 
B)  Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. 
C)  The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. 
D)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

Question 15

Urea is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  insoluble in water 
B)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans 
C)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds 
D)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates 
A)  insoluble in water 
B)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans 
C)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds 
D)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

Question 16

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers 
C)  Malpighian tubules of insects 
D)  kidneys of vertebrates 
A)  flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers 
C)  Malpighian tubules of insects 
D)  kidneys of vertebrates

Question 17

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is readily soluble in water 
B)  is metabolically less expensive to synthesise than other excretory products 
C)  requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass 
D)  can be reused by birds as a protein source 
A)  is readily soluble in water 
B)  is metabolically less expensive to synthesise than other excretory products 
C)  requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass 
D)  can be reused by birds as a protein source

Question 18

- In which of the labelled structures does passive water reabsorption take place?

Accepted Answer

A)  only in B 
B)  only in B and D 
C)  in B, C, and E 
D)  Passive water reabsorption occurs throughout all of the nephron. 
A)  only in B 
B)  only in B and D 
C)  in B, C, and E 
D)  Passive water reabsorption occurs throughout all of the nephron.

Question 19

Natural selection should favour the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

Accepted Answer

A)  a platypus 
B)  a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D)  a mouse species living in a desert 
A)  a platypus 
B)  a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D)  a mouse species living in a desert

Question 20

-The structure labelled ________ can be influenced by hormones to change the concentration of the urine.

Accepted Answer

A)  B 
B)  C 
C)  D 
D)  E 
A)  B 
B)  C 
C)  D 
D)  E

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially, by ________.

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule ________.

Within a normally functioning kidney, red blood cells can be found in ________.

After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as ________.

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?

- Filtration takes place in the structure labelled ________.

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will ________.

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________.

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Urea is ________.

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the ________.

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid ________.

- In which of the labelled structures does passive water reabsorption take place?

Natural selection should favour the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

-The structure labelled ________ can be influenced by hormones to change the concentration of the urine.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonised Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Filters

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be with its environment