Question 1

What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons?

Accepted Answer

A)  They actively transport salt into the animal through the gills. 
B)  They mediate the movement of water from seawater through the gills. 
C)  They are involved in excretion of excess salt. 
D)  They allow the fish to produce dilute urine. 
A)  They actively transport salt into the animal through the gills. 
B)  They mediate the movement of water from seawater through the gills. 
C)  They are involved in excretion of excess salt. 
D)  They allow the fish to produce dilute urine.

Question 2

Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment relative to the cytosol). They have a structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate. If sucrose or saline was added to the pond water in different concentrations (in millimolars, mM), under which conditions would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.0 mM sucrose 
B)  0.05 mM saline 
C)  0.08 mM sucrose 
D)  1.0 mM saline 
A)  0.0 mM sucrose 
B)  0.05 mM saline 
C)  0.08 mM sucrose 
D)  1.0 mM saline

Question 3

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  they have membranes of varying permeability to water 
B)  they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps 
C)  they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients 
D)  they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle 
A)  they have membranes of varying permeability to water 
B)  they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps 
C)  they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients 
D)  they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle

Question 4

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  hypoosmotic 
C)  isoosmotic 
D)  both hyperosmotic and isoosmotic 
A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  hypoosmotic 
C)  isoosmotic 
D)  both hyperosmotic and isoosmotic

Question 5

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

Accepted Answer

A)  protonephridium-earthworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  flame bulb-flat worm 
D)  exchange across the body surface-snake 
A)  protonephridium-earthworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  flame bulb-flat worm 
D)  exchange across the body surface-snake

Question 6

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish 
B)  lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment 
C)  a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets 
D)  a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats 
A)  lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish 
B)  lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment 
C)  a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets 
D)  a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats

Question 7

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs 
B)  a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation 
C)  gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints 
D)  osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of ageing 
A)  a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs 
B)  a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation 
C)  gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints 
D)  osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of ageing

Question 8

Which of the following contribute to maintaining the high osmolarity of the renal medulla?
I. active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb
II. the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons
III. diffusion of urea from the collecting duct
IV. diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

A)  All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. 
B)  I, II, and III 
C)  I and IV 
D)  I, II, and IV 
A)  All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. 
B)  I, II, and III 
C)  I and IV 
D)  I, II, and IV

Question 9

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  are the largest epithelial cells in the body 
B)  are not in contact with interstitial fluid 
C)  have plasma membranes of low permeability to water 
D)  are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes 
A)  are the largest epithelial cells in the body 
B)  are not in contact with interstitial fluid 
C)  have plasma membranes of low permeability to water 
D)  are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes

Question 10

In which of the following species should natural selection favour the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

A)  a platypus 
B)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a desert 
D)  a seal 
A)  a platypus 
B)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a desert 
D)  a seal

Question 11

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  active transport 
D)  secretion 
A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  active transport 
D)  secretion

Question 12

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma 
B)  increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma 
C)  increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma 
D)  decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma 
A)  decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma 
B)  increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma 
C)  increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma 
D)  decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma

Question 13

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated 
B)  differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient 
C)  the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification 
D)  additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle 
A)  absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated 
B)  differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient 
C)  the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification 
D)  additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle

Question 14

-Selective secretion of toxins and drugs takes place in the structure labelled ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D

Question 15

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased aldosterone production 
B)  increased blood pressure 
C)  inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
D)  increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule 
A)  increased aldosterone production 
B)  increased blood pressure 
C)  inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
D)  increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule

Question 16

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  protonephridia 
B)  metanephridia 
C)  Malpighian tubules 
D)  nephrons 
A)  protonephridia 
B)  metanephridia 
C)  Malpighian tubules 
D)  nephrons

Question 17

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  distilled water 
B)  blood in birds 
C)  blood in mammals 
D)  seawater in a rock pool 
A)  distilled water 
B)  blood in birds 
C)  blood in mammals 
D)  seawater in a rock pool

Question 18

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
B)  the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
C)  diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
D)  diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle. 
A)  active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
B)  the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
C)  diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
D)  diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question 19

Developing bird embryos excrete most of their nitrogenous waste as uric acid because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  it is less metabolically expensive to produce compared to other waste products 
B)  it has a low solubility in water and is less toxic to the embryo than other forms of waste 
C)  it requires less energy to transport across the egg shell 
D)  it can be recycled by the embryo to make new protein 
A)  it is less metabolically expensive to produce compared to other waste products 
B)  it has a low solubility in water and is less toxic to the embryo than other forms of waste 
C)  it requires less energy to transport across the egg shell 
D)  it can be recycled by the embryo to make new protein

Question 20

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  secretion 
D)  excretion 
A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  secretion 
D)  excretion

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons?

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that ________.

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________.

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include ________.

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to ________.

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle ________.

In which of the following species should natural selection favour the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would ________.

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because ________.

-Selective secretion of toxins and drugs takes place in the structure labelled ________.

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of ________.

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of ________.

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is ________.

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

Developing bird embryos excrete most of their nitrogenous waste as uric acid because ________.

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonised Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

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