Question 1

Growth factors are local regulators that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth 
B)  are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division 
C)  bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells 
D)  convey messages between nerve cells 
A)  are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth 
B)  are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division 
C)  bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells 
D)  convey messages between nerve cells C

Question 2

Following a stressful stimulus, the fight-or-flight response will cause ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose to be stored in liver cells 
B)  adrenaline to be released from the anterior pituitary 
C)  an increase release of thyroid hormones 
D)  the breakdown of glycogen into glucose 
A)  glucose to be stored in liver cells 
B)  adrenaline to be released from the anterior pituitary 
C)  an increase release of thyroid hormones 
D)  the breakdown of glycogen into glucose D

Question 3

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  prolactin and calcitonin 
B)  prolactin and oxytocin 
C)  follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone 
D)  luteinising hormone and oxytocin 
A)  prolactin and calcitonin 
B)  prolactin and oxytocin 
C)  follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone 
D)  luteinising hormone and oxytocin B

Question 4

Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest response by a target cell would come from ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
B)  injecting a molecule of hormone X into the cytoplasm of the cell 
C)  applying a molecule of cAMP to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
D)  injecting a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase into the cytoplasm of the cell 
A)  applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
B)  injecting a molecule of hormone X into the cytoplasm of the cell 
C)  applying a molecule of cAMP to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
D)  injecting a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase into the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 5

Predict the effects of a drug that increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) synthesis.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in glucocorticoid production 
B)  increase in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 
C)  decrease in cortisol release 
D)  decrease in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 
A)  increase in glucocorticoid production 
B)  increase in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 
C)  decrease in cortisol release 
D)  decrease in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 6

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

Accepted Answer

A)  greater production of T3 than of T4 
B)  hyposecretion of TSH 
C)  hypersecretion of MSH 
D)  a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin 
A)  greater production of T3 than of T4 
B)  hyposecretion of TSH 
C)  hypersecretion of MSH 
D)  a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin

Question 7

Injury localised to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  short-term memory 
B)  coordination during locomotion 
C)  executive functions, such as decision-making 
D)  regulation of water balance 
A)  short-term memory 
B)  coordination during locomotion 
C)  executive functions, such as decision-making 
D)  regulation of water balance

Question 8

What do steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  their solubility in cell membranes 
B)  their requirement for travel through the bloodstream 
C)  the location of their receptors 
D)  their reliance on signal transduction in the cell 
A)  their solubility in cell membranes 
B)  their requirement for travel through the bloodstream 
C)  the location of their receptors 
D)  their reliance on signal transduction in the cell

Question 9

The body's reaction to parathyroid hormone (PTH), raising plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroxine 
B)  adrenaline 
C)  growth hormone 
D)  calcitonin 
A)  thyroxine 
B)  adrenaline 
C)  growth hormone 
D)  calcitonin

Question 10

Glucocorticoids do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  promote the immune response 
B)  promote the release of fatty acids 
C)  increase blood glucose levels 
D)  increase insulin production 
A)  promote the immune response 
B)  promote the release of fatty acids 
C)  increase blood glucose levels 
D)  increase insulin production

Question 11

During a stressful interval, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine 
B)  increased acid in the duodenum stimulates the S cells to release secretin 
C)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla 
D)  the calcium levels in the blood are increased due to actions of two antagonistic hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline 
A)  thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine 
B)  increased acid in the duodenum stimulates the S cells to release secretin 
C)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla 
D)  the calcium levels in the blood are increased due to actions of two antagonistic hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 12

Which of the following statements are correct?
I. Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
II. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.
III. Hormones are secreted by specialised cells usually located in exocrine glands.
IV. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.

Accepted Answer

A)  only II and III 
B)  only I and III 
C)  only III and IV 
D)  only I and IV 
A)  only II and III 
B)  only I and III 
C)  only III and IV 
D)  only I and IV

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a simple endocrine pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  control of metabolism by thyroid hormones 
B)  release of secretin by cells of the duodenum in response to acid 
C)  release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland to regulate water balance 
D)  regulation of growth by the production of growth hormone 
A)  control of metabolism by thyroid hormones 
B)  release of secretin by cells of the duodenum in response to acid 
C)  release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland to regulate water balance 
D)  regulation of growth by the production of growth hormone

Question 14

$$\begin{array} { | l | c | c | } 
\hline & \bf { Group 1 } & \bf { Group 2 } \
\hline \begin{array} { l } 
\text { Daily injections of } \
\text { progesterone (milligrams) }
\end{array} & 0.25 & 20 \
\hline \begin{array} { l } 
\text { Percentage of rats that } \
\text { carried foetus to birth }
\end{array} & 0 & 100 \
\hline
\end{array}$$
In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation, and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarised in the table. The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  general health of the rat 
B)  metabolism of the uterus 
C)  gestation period of rats 
D)  number of eggs fertilised 
A)  general health of the rat 
B)  metabolism of the uterus 
C)  gestation period of rats 
D)  number of eggs fertilised

Question 15

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus and thalamus 
B)  anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary 
C)  hypothalamus and anterior pituitary 
D)  posterior pituitary and thyroid gland 
A)  hypothalamus and thalamus 
B)  anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary 
C)  hypothalamus and anterior pituitary 
D)  posterior pituitary and thyroid gland

Question 16

The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems 
B)  competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor 
C)  how polypeptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than steroid hormones 
D)  homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones 
A)  an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems 
B)  competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor 
C)  how polypeptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than steroid hormones 
D)  homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones

Question 17

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesised in the ________ but released from the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus; posterior pituitary 
B)  adenohypophysis; posterior pituitary 
C)  posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary 
D)  hypothalamus; anterior pituitary 
A)  hypothalamus; posterior pituitary 
B)  adenohypophysis; posterior pituitary 
C)  posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary 
D)  hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

Question 18

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

Accepted Answer

A)  greater production of T3 than of T4 
B)  hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 
C)  hypersecretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) 
D)  a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin 
A)  greater production of T3 than of T4 
B)  hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 
C)  hypersecretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) 
D)  a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin

Question 19

Different body cells can respond differently to the same polypeptide hormones because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  different target cells have different sets of genes 
B)  a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways 
C)  the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets 
D)  the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system 
A)  different target cells have different sets of genes 
B)  a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways 
C)  the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets 
D)  the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system

Question 20

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate 
B)  anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function 
C)  adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of adrenaline 
D)  pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration 
A)  parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate 
B)  anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function 
C)  adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of adrenaline 
D)  pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration

Exam 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System

Growth factors are local regulators that ________.

Following a stressful stimulus, the fight-or-flight response will cause ________.

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are ________.

Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest response by a target cell would come from ________.

Predict the effects of a drug that increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) synthesis.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

Injury localised to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt ________.

What do steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common?

The body's reaction to parathyroid hormone (PTH), raising plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by ________.

Glucocorticoids do which of the following?

During a stressful interval, ________.

Which of the following is an example of a simple endocrine pathway?

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the ________.

The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of ________.

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesised in the ________ but released from the ________.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

Different body cells can respond differently to the same polypeptide hormones because ________.

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonised Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Filters

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesised in the but released from the .