Question 1

In which of the following organisms does holoblastic cleavage typically occur?
I. sea urchins
II. humans
III. birds
IV. fish

Accepted Answer

A)  both II and IV 
B)  both I and III 
C)  both I and II 
D)  I only 
A)  both II and IV 
B)  both I and III 
C)  both I and II 
D)  I only

Question 2

In all vertebrate animals, development requires ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a large supply of yolk 
B)  an aqueous environment 
C)  extraembryonic membranes 
D)  a primitive streak 
A)  a large supply of yolk 
B)  an aqueous environment 
C)  extraembryonic membranes 
D)  a primitive streak

Question 3

If an amphibian zygote is manipulated so that the first cleavage plane fails to divide the grey crescent, then ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the daughter cell with the entire grey crescent will die 
B)  both daughter cells will develop normally, because amphibians are totipotent at this stage 
C)  only the daughter cell with the grey crescent will develop normally 
D)  both daughter cells will develop abnormally 
A)  the daughter cell with the entire grey crescent will die 
B)  both daughter cells will develop normally, because amphibians are totipotent at this stage 
C)  only the daughter cell with the grey crescent will develop normally 
D)  both daughter cells will develop abnormally

Question 4

Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganisation of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleus 
B)  cytoskeleton 
C)  extracellular matrix 
D)  transport proteins 
A)  nucleus 
B)  cytoskeleton 
C)  extracellular matrix 
D)  transport proteins

Question 5

Cell migration occurs extensively during ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  organogenesis, but not during gastrulation or cleavage 
B)  cleavage, but not during gastrulation or organogenesis 
C)  gastrulation and cleavage 
D)  both gastrulation and organogenesis 
A)  organogenesis, but not during gastrulation or cleavage 
B)  cleavage, but not during gastrulation or organogenesis 
C)  gastrulation and cleavage 
D)  both gastrulation and organogenesis

Question 6

Which of the following is an adult organism that has fewer than 1,000 cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  chooks, Gallus domesticus 
B)  African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis 
C)  fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster 
D)  nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans 
A)  chooks, Gallus domesticus 
B)  African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis 
C)  fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster 
D)  nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans

Question 7

If an egg cell were treated with EDTA, a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions,

Accepted Answer

A)  the acrosomal reaction would be blocked. 
B)  the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked. 
C)  the fast block to polyspermy would not occur. 
D)  the fertilisation envelope would not form. 
A)  the acrosomal reaction would be blocked. 
B)  the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked. 
C)  the fast block to polyspermy would not occur. 
D)  the fertilisation envelope would not form.

Question 8

Which of the following is common to the development of both birds and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  holoblastic cleavage 
B)  epiblast and hypoblast 
C)  trophoblast 
D)  grey crescent 
A)  holoblastic cleavage 
B)  epiblast and hypoblast 
C)  trophoblast 
D)  grey crescent

Question 9

In order to test how sea urchin sperm bind to eggs, scientists isolated the egg receptor protein that binds to the sperm acrosomal protein called bindin. Plastic beads were coated with egg receptor for bindin (ERB1) from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and then the beads mixed with sperm from S. purpuratus or from the related species, S. franciscanus. The researchers counted how many sperm were bound to each bead. The results are shown in the graph below. (Adapted from Kamei and Glabe 2003)
Treatments:
A: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
B: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
C: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
D: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein  
-Based on the data in the graph, which of the following conclusions is supported?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plastic beads will bind to sperm from both species of sea urchin. 
B)  ERB1 prevents S. franciscanus sperm from binding the beads. 
C)  Sperm from S. purpuratus bind to beads only if ERB1 is present. 
D)  S. franciscanus and S. purpuratus are actually the same species. 
A)  Plastic beads will bind to sperm from both species of sea urchin. 
B)  ERB1 prevents S. franciscanus sperm from binding the beads. 
C)  Sperm from S. purpuratus bind to beads only if ERB1 is present. 
D)  S. franciscanus and S. purpuratus are actually the same species.

Question 10

In some rare salamander species, all individuals are females. Reproduction relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species. However, the resulting embryos receive no genetic contribution from the males. Why do you think sperm are necessary for reproduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sperm allow morphogenesis to proceed. 
B)  Sperm trigger egg activation. 
C)  Cell differentiation is initiated by the sperm. 
D)  Sperm are necessary to produce a diploid zygote. 
A)  The sperm allow morphogenesis to proceed. 
B)  Sperm trigger egg activation. 
C)  Cell differentiation is initiated by the sperm. 
D)  Sperm are necessary to produce a diploid zygote.

Question 11

The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in

Accepted Answer

A)  the formation of a fertilisation envelope. 
B)  the production of a fast block to polyspermy. 
C)  the generation of an electrical impulse by the egg. 
D)  the fusion of egg and sperm nuclei. 
A)  the formation of a fertilisation envelope. 
B)  the production of a fast block to polyspermy. 
C)  the generation of an electrical impulse by the egg. 
D)  the fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.

Question 12

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm 
B)  mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm 
C)  ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm 
D)  ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm 
A)  endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm 
B)  mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm 
C)  ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm 
D)  ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct description of the fate of the germ layers?

Accepted Answer

A)  The mesoderm gives rise to the notochord. 
B)  The endoderm gives rise to the hair follicles. 
C)  The ectoderm gives rise to the liver. 
D)  The mesoderm gives rise to the lungs. 
A)  The mesoderm gives rise to the notochord. 
B)  The endoderm gives rise to the hair follicles. 
C)  The ectoderm gives rise to the liver. 
D)  The mesoderm gives rise to the lungs.

Question 14

One primary factor in shaping the polarity of the body axes in chick embryos is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  light 
B)  membrane potential 
C)  gravity 
D)  moisture 
A)  light 
B)  membrane potential 
C)  gravity 
D)  moisture

Question 15

As cleavage continues during frog development, the size of the blastomeres ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases as the number of the blastomeres decreases 
B)  increases as the number of the blastomeres increases 
C)  decreases as the number of the blastomeres increases 
D)  decreases as the number of the blastomeres decreases 
A)  increases as the number of the blastomeres decreases 
B)  increases as the number of the blastomeres increases 
C)  decreases as the number of the blastomeres increases 
D)  decreases as the number of the blastomeres decreases

Question 16

In a newly fertilised egg, the vitelline layer ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lifts away from the egg and hardens to form a fertilisation envelope 
B)  secretes hormones that enhance steroidogenesis by the ovary 
C)  reduces the loss of water from the egg and prevents desiccation 
D)  provides most of the nutrients used by the zygote 
A)  lifts away from the egg and hardens to form a fertilisation envelope 
B)  secretes hormones that enhance steroidogenesis by the ovary 
C)  reduces the loss of water from the egg and prevents desiccation 
D)  provides most of the nutrients used by the zygote

Question 17

Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  totipotent 
B)  determined 
C)  differentiated 
D)  mesenchymal 
A)  totipotent 
B)  determined 
C)  differentiated 
D)  mesenchymal

Question 18

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3-D space defines ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  pattern formation 
B)  differentiation 
C)  determination 
D)  organogenesis 
A)  pattern formation 
B)  differentiation 
C)  determination 
D)  organogenesis

Question 19

During metamorphosis, a tadpole's tail is reduced in size by the process of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  regeneration 
B)  apoptosis 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  redifferentiation 
A)  regeneration 
B)  apoptosis 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  redifferentiation

Question 20

What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs in arid environments rather than in water?

Accepted Answer

A)  extraembryonic membranes 
B)  yolk 
C)  cleavage 
D)  gastrulation 
A)  extraembryonic membranes 
B)  yolk 
C)  cleavage 
D)  gastrulation

Exam 47: Animal Development

In which of the following organisms does holoblastic cleavage typically occur? I. sea urchins II. humans III. birds IV. fish

In all vertebrate animals, development requires ________.

If an amphibian zygote is manipulated so that the first cleavage plane fails to divide the grey crescent, then ________.

Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganisation of the ________.

Cell migration occurs extensively during ________.

Which of the following is an adult organism that has fewer than 1,000 cells?

If an egg cell were treated with EDTA, a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions,

Which of the following is common to the development of both birds and mammals?

In some rare salamander species, all individuals are females. Reproduction relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species. However, the resulting embryos receive no genetic contribution from the males. Why do you think sperm are necessary for reproduction?

The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is ________.

Which of the following is a correct description of the fate of the germ layers?

One primary factor in shaping the polarity of the body axes in chick embryos is ________.

As cleavage continues during frog development, the size of the blastomeres ________.

In a newly fertilised egg, the vitelline layer ________.

Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were ________.

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3-D space defines ________.

During metamorphosis, a tadpole's tail is reduced in size by the process of ________.

What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs in arid environments rather than in water?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonised Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

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